Essay about Levels of Processing in Cognitive Approach

Levels of Processing in Cognitive Approach When given a list of words to learn, we can do one of three things to allow us to recall them on a later occasion. We can simply try to learn the words usual a visual method of just looking at the words. We can also think of words that rhyme with the word that has to be learnt, this is the auditory method. Finally we can associate the words with other words e.g. car and drive, this is a semantic way to remember things. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Craik and Lockhart carried out the following study to investigate which form of memory gives the best recall.†¦show more content†¦Its not the only theory for memory, Atkinson and Shiffron proposed the dual-process model. This study supports the assumption of cognition, that information is processed. It also seems a fair claim to say that the more you concentrate on something the more likely you are to remember it, because it has got more of your attention. The multi store model backs it up, the rehearsal loop can be seen processing more deeply. Miller proposed chunking as a way to help you remember things, this can also be seen as a way of deeper processing. Context Dependant Forgetting (Bouton et Al 1999) ------------------------------------------------ Forgetting may occur due to a number of different reasons such as trace decay and interference. But this study focuses on the failure to retrieve, not the failure to store. This study shows that retrieval is better when the conditions and circumstances are the same to when the information was first introduced. Bouton did some work to back up his idea on conditioning and memory. He conditioned a dog to make it drool at the ring of a bell. Normally a dog would drool at the sight of food. He rang the bell a few times each time food was present. After a few repetitions of this, the dog will droolShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Cognitive Psychology And Psychology980 Words   |  4 Pages A Cognitive Psychology 1064 Words 5 Pages Cognitive psychology began around 19th century. Different approaches have been used to trace the roots of psychology. It is also known that cognitive psychology was out numbered by behaviorism but later revived, bringing into being cognitive revolution. The paper discusses cognitive revolution in the history of cognitive psychology as the most influential part in the practice of modern psychology. Introduction A scientific branch of psychology that isRead MoreCognitive Psychology Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive psychology began around 19th century. Different approaches have been used to trace the roots of psychology. It is also known that cognitive psychology was out numbered by behaviorism but later revived, bringing into being cognitive revolution. The paper discusses cognitive revolution in the history of cognitive psychology as the most influential part in the practice of modern psychology. Introduction A scientific branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of cognitionRead MoreBehaviorism contends that desired behavior from people is formed by the actions and reactions of1000 Words   |  4 Pageslearning in designing instructional materials as well as task analysis, are applications of behaviorist approach. The strategy of mastery learning is also based on the cognitive approach, with the cumulative nature of learning, where every student must master a certain unit before moving on to another unit. Lastly, behavior modification and behavior strategies, such as the rules-rewards-punishment approach, are one of the most widely used applications of behaviorism. When applied to online learningRead MoreCognitive Science : The Scientific Study Of The Mind1193 Words   |  5 PagesMidterm Exam Question 1-Cognitive Science is defined as the scientific study of the mind. Cognitive Science uses the scientific method as it primary methodology. One of the main features of cognitive science is the multifaceted method, and it uses linguistics, robotics, neuroscience, cognitive, the evolutionary approach, psychology, the emotion approach, the social approach, philosophy, and artificial intelligence (Friedenberg and Silverman, 2012). Cognitive Science uses all these different methodsRead MoreExamining Effectiveness Of Treatment Strategies Used With Survivors Of Rape1357 Words   |  6 Pageslike prolonged exposure and cognitive-processing therapy, as well as lack of insurance and location, are hardships for treatment-seeking individuals. Therefore, it is important to pinpoint the most effective treatments for those who have suffered the trauma of rape. 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It leads to advancement of their ability in responding and processing image received in using different senses (MacWhinney, 2001). The emphasis of development pattern is continuous that counters other theories that though development takes and occurs in stages or series depending on time. Cognitive revolution involving major changes that are applied in psychological field introduced different forms known as cognitive psychology in image change blindness. This revolution of psychology helpedRead MoreMoral Development And The Social Learning Theory Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will examine moral development and the theories of cognitive development and the Social Learning theory. It will also cover key theorists and their perspectives moving on to different kinds of development followed by an evaluation of the chosen theories and the studies that surround their validity. The final segment will be of the nature nurture aspect. Moral development is essentially the ability to distinguish right from wrong actions and good from bad behaviour. Albert Bandura believedRead MoreCognitive Theories Of Learning Focus On A Person s Intellect833 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Versus Constructivist Theories of Learning Cognitive theories of learning focus on a person’s intellect. It pertains to how individuals process and maintain information that is vital in the course of learning. For instance, schema refers to an internal structure for arranging information. When new information is received it is compared with existing cognitive organizations known as schema. Schema can be altered, combined or extended in order to support new information (O’Donnell, ReeveRead MoreCognitive Learning Theory Essays1499 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Learning Theory Psychology of Learning PSY 331 October 12, 2009 Abstract Cognitive learning theories emerged in the mid-1900s and were a dramatic departure from the behaviorist learning theories so popular at the time. The advent of the computer also contributed to the emergence of cognitive theories of learning because computers provided the first means to metaphorically conceptualize human cognition (Bates, 1999). Cognitive learning theories are based on the assumption that

Euthanasia = Murder Essay - 1100 Words

Did you ever think about what you would do once you were no longer able to take care of yourself? The pain and the suffering that you may go through, and without your consent a doctor decides to pull the plug on you. Although that may be what you want, that would be known as human euthanasia. Why would someone want to legalize such a thing? Don’t you value your life enough to hope to stay alive? If euthanasia were legal, how would people think of doctors who practiced this form of homicide? Doctors are supposed to be our healers and protectors of the sick and disabled. We as patients hope to find relief and comfort from our health physicians, not quick judgment on who has the right to live based on their condition. Another thing†¦show more content†¦Think about it in this sense, a lot of babies are born premature and are placed in extensive care units before they are cleared to leave the hospital. If anything happens to the baby, such as heart failure or the bab y tends to stop breathing, the doctors have the right to not save the baby. Even with the parents of said baby wanting their child to live, they are told by physicians that there baby had the right to die. Many deaths in the U.S. are suicide. Suicide consists of one killing one-self due to emotional and physical pain. Suicide is a very tragic, individual act, but euthanasia is not a private act. It is about letting one person facilitate in the death of another. The U.S. Constitution mentions many things such as, all the rights that citizens of the U.S. pertain. Yet the right to die is nowhere to be seen within the document. The makers of our Constitution undertook to secure conditions favorable to the pursuit of happiness. In most cases, death does not equal happiness. Within this first paragraph I decided to put the writer of the editorial in the shoes of someone placed in the situation of euthanasia. I wanted the writer to actually think about and feel the stress and emotional pain that is usually dealt with the situation. Usually making people put themselves in a particular predicament persuades them into changing their viewsShow MoreRelated Euthanasia is Murder Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesEuthanasia is the Greek word meaning â€Å"good death†. Euthanasia is the act of assisting in ending one’s life, killing a person or an animal in a painless or minimally painful way. There are 3 different types of euthanasia. Volantary - which means that the doctor, or whoever performed the assisted death got full permission from the patient to kill them. Nonvolantary - without full consent of the patient or if the patient did give them their full consent, they weren’t fully decisionally-competent. AndRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia as Mercy or Murder1311 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia as Mercy or Murder In keeping with the root definition of euthanasia- literally [meaning] good death- [supporters] of euthanasia insist they are talking about helping terminally ill patients in insufferable pain die a dignified death- at the patients request. But this bears no resemblance to the true picture of the actual practice of euthanasia in the United States (Lyons np). Passive euthanasia is death by nonintervention, meaning a health care worker can discontinueRead MoreEssay about Active Euthanasia is Murder2447 Words   |  10 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Euthanasia is not about the right to die. Its about the right to kill.-International Anti-Euthanasia Task Force  Ã‚  Ã‚   It seems impossible for me to claim I am anti-euthanasia or pro-euthanasia because there are two ways of participating in the process...active or passive.   After researching the topic, I have concluded that I cannot support active euthanasia because it seems to follow the same principle as homicide...one person killing another. I do not believe it is anyones right to decideRead MoreEuthanasia: Murder or Mercy? Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pagesa way as to reach an impasse amongst two opposing parties. Euthanasia happens to be a topic that has been debated extensively for the larger part of the twenty-first century (Larue). Even the definition of euthanasia evokes mixed emotions: the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy (Merriam-Webster). The s truggle over whether euthanasia should be accepted as a common practice is majorly stimulatedRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia: Mercy or Murder?2228 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to the Collins Canadian English Dictionary euthanasia is defined as â€Å"the act of killing someone painlessly, especially to relieve his or her suffering† (2004). Not everyone agrees with this definition. I have always believed that euthanasia was the human choice of ending another persons life because of the excruciating pain they are suffering due to an incurable disease. Some disciplines think that euthanasia should never be an option no matter what the situation. While other disciplinesRead More Euthanasia Essay: Mercy Killing or Murder?1333 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia: Mercy Killing or Murder?      Ã‚   We, as humans, are mortal beings.   Our life span is finite.   Even though we are mortal, we try to hang onto our lives as long as we can; fear of death and wanting to live forever are, after all, part of human nature.   Sometimes, however, the field of medicine capitalizes on this aspect of humanity. While it is certainly true that one goal of medicine has always been to prolong life, another goal has been the alleviation of pain and suffering.   One pointRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide are Murder995 Words   |  4 PagesAssisted Suicide is Murder    If suicide is a right, then it is one that has remained undiscovered throughout the ages by the great thinkers in law, ethics, philosophy and theology. It appears nowhere in the Bible or the Koran or the Talmud. Committing suicide wasnt a right a thousand years ago, and it isnt one now. Thats why most societies, including our own, have passed laws against it (Callahan, pg. 71). Assisted suicide is murder! In all of history, there are only three circumstancesRead More Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia are Murder Essay1903 Words   |  8 PagesEuthanasia is Murder      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On June 4, 1990, Janet Adkins committed suicide. She killed herself under the supervision of a man named Jack Kevorkian. Again and again, Kevorkian set up machines and killed patients that were supposedly terminally ill. He escaped punishment for years, but on March 26, 1999, Kevorkian was incarcerated for second-degree murder. (Online,99) He had developed many friends and many enemies. One of his followers was a woman who had developed coronary artery disease. HerRead More Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide: Nice Words for Murder2054 Words   |  9 PagesIncreasingly, in the courts and the media and in conversation, we are hearing about euthanasia and the so-called right to die. Its time we all are fully informed about what is going on, and what the appropriate response should be. Euthanasia is not a future problem. It is a present problem. It is happening now and becoming increasingly accepted. And we are asleep, not realizing that the road we are on will lead to the massive elimination of the elderly and incompetent, and anyone else consideredRead MoreEuthanasia Persuasive Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesAn Avoidable Loss Death by choice or euthanasia is a very controversial subject that is typically one-sided. The very concept of death alone is somewhat a taboo, but controlling death itself is another monster. Death by choice or â€Å"euthanasia† should not be legalized because it promotes defeatism, may lead to the strict procedures to become more accessible to people with non-fatal illnesses, could legitimize murder, or pressure the elderly. When an unfortunate illness befalls, people have a tendency

Ancient Structures Comparing Egyptian and Mayan Essay Example For Students

Ancient Structures: Comparing Egyptian and Mayan Essay Pyramids The survey of ancient history is made possible by the remains of great civilisations that are now long gone. Archeologists. anthropologists. and other subjects work manus in manus to understand the yesteryear. cognizing really good that it is the key to understanding the present. Therefore. the find of pictures. artefacts. ruins and other objects that can assist decode antiquity is extremely valued. If a sherd of clayware can uncover so much about a peculiar civilisation. how much more information can be extracted from immense and good preserved construction for archeologists and historiographers? This is the instance with Egyptian and Mayan pyramids that miraculously survived the depredations of clip. reasonably integral. and offering so much hints to an ancient manner of life. The pyramids are modern twenty-four hours tourer attractive forces but in their flower were considered as object worthy of fear and regard. about the same manner as the Gods and deified individuals that used them. This paper will look into two great civilisations of Egypt and that of the Mayan people. The range of this survey is limited to their usage of ancient edifices that are now popularly known as pyramids. Pyramids The official site of the National Geographic pointed out that there is a classical position of pyramids. It is the form normally associated with the pyramids found in Egypt ; a monolithic construction with a square base and four triangular sides and holding a common vertex. The quadrilateral construction with a pointed top is an image that was brought to the Western universe by historiographers from Greek. and Roman Empire. When Christianity became the dominant faith in the West the thought that the boies of Israel were the 1s used to construct these prodigious constructions became portion of Christian traditional knowledge. Recent historical plants nevertheless reveal that pyramids come in different forms and sizes. Even in Egypt the first pyramids built looked more like zikkurats or measure pyramids. The â€Å"classical† design came subsequently when the Pharaoh’s perfected the technique of constructing a four triangular sides on top of a square base. The Cheop’s pyramid considered as the greatest pyramid construction in the universe is an illustration of authoritative design. Indeed. it took some clip before ancient builders perfected the art of doing high rise constructions that began with rough hills of Earth to looming edifices tantrum for the Gods. But one time they had learned the secret of constructing one. the Egyptians went on to do a monolithic construction tantrum for a divinity such as the Pharaoah Kufu ( a. k. a. Cheops ) . The Cheops’ pyramid was the largest pyramid of all time built. The builders used 2. 3 million rock blocks. weighing an norm of 2. 5 to 15 dozenss each ( see National Geographic. com ) . The colossal construction serves chiefly as the burial chamber of their god-king Khufu and has three burial Chamberss one believed to be for Khufu’s married woman and the other 1 for Khufu’s sacred statue. The great pyramid was the focal point in an elaborate composite that included several little pyramids and a mortuary temple. The same construct of a complex built around a major pyramid can be seen in the Mayan pyramid-temples of ancient Americas. The pyramids found in the Mayan civilisation are similar to those that can be found in the Middle East. Just like those in Egypt. Mayan pyramids were designed and constructed utilizing sophisticated cognition of uranology and mathematics. This decision is based on the fact that the pyramids are constructed in a manner that it will aline with the stars – in the instance of Cheops it was aligned in such a manner that it would be indicating to the North Pole. Such accurate computations before the innovation of high-octane telescopes and computing machines are really impressive.On the other side of the universe. another ancient civilisation was constructing their ain version of imperium and pyramids. They do non hold an Alexander the Great or a Julius Caesar to talk of their being and luster but still the same they built a great state in the American continent long before the clip of Columbus. Egyptian Pyramids As mentioned earlier. there is that â€Å"classical design† made popular by the films and historiographers who had more incentive to look into Egyptian history as opposed to that of the ancient ruins of the Mayan civilisation. But that design evolved from a more simpler earthen hill traditionally used for burying the dead. Therefore. to contract the range of this survey. a comparing will be made between two major pyramids. The Cheops’ pyramid found in Egypt and the Templo Mayor found in the American continent. The Cheops’ pyramid is a fitting representative of the luster that was Egypt. It was considered as the greatest pyramid in the universe. Mozarts Life ( Brief Summary) EssayThis of class leads to another decision that the priests are non merely spiritual work forces versed in the religious linguistic communication of their twenty-four hours but they are besides adept mathematicians and talented uranologists. In order to to the full appreciate their endowment 1 has to acquire an in-depth analysis of the design and lay-out of the pyramid composite which harmonizing to some resemble the ordered layout of the solar system. But more significantly the pyramids are the chief conduit between the physical existent and the religious. In the ancient universe. high-rise constructions fire up the imaginativeness of their poets. builders. holy work forces. and national leaders. A high-rise construction is non merely a testament to great technology techniques and admirable edifice accomplishments. it besides an look of piousness towards their Gods who live in the celestial spheres. Therefore. in order to near them or in order to be closer to them pyramids must be built to offer the human spirit and human organic structure to the all powerful being populating above the Earth. There are countries in the planet that boasts of astonishing pyramid constructions. In both topographic points one can detect good preserved edifices from antiquity lifting more than a 100 pess from the land. These constructions play an of import function in both Egyptian and Mayan civilisations. But both states differ in their use of pyramids. The above-named treatment was able to demo that the pyramids in the old Mayan Civilization had far more utilizations for their pyramids as compared It is through their use of the pyramid that can assist people in the modern universe understand what these ancients value most. With respects to the Egyptians usage of an expensive construction to bury a dead swayer speaks volumes of what they believe will go on to the Pharaoh in the after life. The Egyptian swayers are convinced that they will govern once more on the other side as Osiris King of the Dead. On the other side of the universe. the Aztecs use their pyramid in a different manner. The pyramids found in the Americas are used for human forfeits. And once more this pattern is rooted in their spiritual belief that they owe their lives to their Gods. But alternatively of populating a rigorous moral codification to delight their Gods. they alternatively sacrificed others – sooner their enemies or members of neighbouring folks – to demo their piousness to their warrior-god. This survey made it clear that the Egyptians do non hold a monopoly to the technology techniques necessary to construct high-rise constructions. It is besides made clear that the design of the pyramids and its usage depended much on the spiritual beliefs of the ancients. It is merely unfortunate that even with all the scholarly work and attempt poured into the analysis of both Egyptian and Mayan civilisations there is still no easy reply to the inquiry on how precisely did the ancients constructed a complicated construction with really limited resources. In the instance of the Mayan pyramids the enigma is non merely in the building of their brilliant pyramid-temples and their cognition of uranology it is besides the inquiry on why they all of a sudden disappeared. go forthing a olympian metropolis in ruins. It is good to cognize that the remains of these two civilisations are here to remain and that the following coevals of archeologists and scientists are welcome to examine the secrets of the pyramids one time once more. MentionsCarrasco. D. ( 1998 ) . Daily Life of the Aztecs: Peoples of the Sun and Earth. Westport. Connecticut:Greenwood Press.Crow. J. A. ( 1992 ) . The Epic of Latin America. Calcium: University of California Press.Dupre. J. ( 2002 ) . From Pyramids to Skycrapers: Building in the Americas. New York:Benchmark Education Company.National Geographic. Introduction to Pyramids. Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nationalgeographic. com/pyramids/pyramids. hypertext markup language gt ; Retrieved 10 December2007.Smith. M. ( 2003 ) . The Aztecs. Malden. Ma: Blackwell Publishing.Zuravicky. O. ( 2004 ) . Researching Pyramids Around the World. New York: The Rosen PublishingGroup. Inc.

Parents are not always right free essay sample

Parents, are humans. Humans, make mistakes. Everyone makes mistakes. However, most parents THINK theyre always right. Because they think that they are older and more knowledgeable, (which is true) they will never make mistakes. However, it is because that they think that theyre older and more knowledgeable they make the mistakes. Often, they do not admit their mistakes or they make up excuses like Im testing you. There are a handful of parents in this authoritative world which do admit to their mistakes, like mine, sometimes. However, they are still not always right. Being right and thinking that youre right are two different things completely. If a parent keeps thinking he is always right, several problems will occur. If the child is powerless to the situation, or is in no position to conduct an argument, the child would be mistaken, resulting in another two possible outcomes. One, if the child is of a younger age, he will feel unjustly treated, but will let it pass. We will write a custom essay sample on Parents are not always right or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Two, if it is a teenager, he or she might hold a grudge against the parent, complicating issues. They will then be at an emotional war. But most of the times its the insecurity of the parents especially in the major chunk of the middle class population of India, that determines the decision making of the parents towards their children. Every decision they make depends on which aspect of the child and the perception of the parenta at that point of time. Sometimes what the parent could not achieve in life, they want to achieve such lost or unattempted goals through their children, Consequentially with the change of time, the interest levels of the child are undermined and sacrificed.What the parents could not achieve then, must have been pertinent thenbut not today. It is this missing link of the thought process, which brings in conflicting situations in the minds of the child.Yes when it comes to imparting moral values parents can never be wrong. No parent wants his child to succumb to bad things in life. But it differs when it comes to complexes aspects like career and mental bridging of the child are concerned No parent can be right all of the time because they would have to be perfect and there is not one person in this world that can truly claim to be perfect. Parents make mistakes, can have bad judgement at time and dont always understand how different the world is now from when they grew up but lets face it they also have that much more experience than we do. A lot of what we go through  growing up they have been there done that so I do not think its right to completely disregard what they have to say, but that doesnt mean that every time they will have the right answer. Either way I do believe because of there experience there opinion/advice should be respected.

261 Kerouac and On the Road Professor Ramos Blog

261 Kerouac and On the Road Jack Kerouac The Beat Generation started in the 1940s as a counterculture. Beatniks Jack Kerouac On the Road

Make Use of These Connecting Words and Phrase All Writers Apply

Make Use of These Connecting Words and Phrase All Writers Apply Here is a list of words and phrases that are used to connect the sentences, the ideas and thoughts in any type of essays. Although, to many students, a writing assignment may seem like a very cruel form of torture, writing, in reality, can serve as a very useful tool in developing one’s critical thinking skills, and can help build one’s expertise in using their language. Also, writing enhances one’s ability to communicate effectively, which is a critical and much-needed skill in the workplace. It is a skill that will, to put it bluntly, help people get what they want in life and in their career.  For example, the effective communicator accesses the job interview and lands a good job over the person who isn’t an effective communicator. The same applies to educational writing. When it comes to written communication (especially when writing the major essay types: argumentative essay, or persuasive essay, cause and effect essay, compare and contrast essay or  expository essay), the better the student conveys a point, makes a solid argument, and presents a well-detailed treatise on a certain subject, the more likely they will obtain a high grade on the writing assignment. This is usually accomplished through the use of connection words and phrases. Regardless of the kind of an essay, a student is assigned to write, a working knowledge of connection words and phrases (as well as how to correctly incorporate them into a written assignment) is always advantageous. These can help support a claim, make an argument, help to defend one’s reasoning and especially illustrate cause and effect; they help provide a thorough explanation and can certainly persuade the reader to believe or agree with an argument. Connection/connecting or linking verbs and phrases can illustrate objection or a rebuttal of something (with words like however, but, and on the contrary); they can provide an illustration (for example, for instance), can incorporate transitional phrases for enumeration (first, secondly, next, finally, lastly), and can demonstrate consequence (therefore, consequently, as a result). List of Connecting Words and Phrases Before looking through the list of connecting words and phrases, you may read another article on the similar topic: The Importance of the Transition Words and Phrases Some of these phrases and words begin a sentence, while others are used to connect two separate thoughts – either with the use of a semicolon or well-placed comma, and are therefore inserted in the middle of a sentence. The purpose Connecting words and phrases Example To indicate a contrast in comparison; however; on the contrary; rather; alternatively; however; though; nevertheless; notwithstanding; in spite of this; although; similarly; conversely Writing well is a product of hard work, education, and extensive reading; however, some people are natural-born storytellers. To provide an illustration for example; that is to say; in other words; namely; such as; including; chiefly; mainly; most importantly Prohibition was a terrible, dreadful failure, mainly because it did nothing but make a lot of criminals – namely bootleggers – filthy rich. To extend a point similarly; equally; likewise, furthermore; also; indeed; above all; as well; in addition It has been said that writer Ernest Hemingway had no other interests beyond violence, and sports; and, indeed, he published several books that confirm this observation To demonstrate cause and effect, or a conclusion between two notions therefore; thus; hence; as a result; consequently; this suggests that; in short; this implies; in all There have been recent discoveries that amoebas do not leave behind a carbon footprint; therefore it is virtually impossible to determine exactly how long they have been on Earth. Transitional, to indicate the next step first of all; next; secondly; to begin with; first and foremost; then; finally; ultimately; lastly First of all, Christopher Columbus should not be considered a hero to Americans. Secondly, Columbus was not even the first explorer to discover the Americans. To summarize overall; in sum; to sum it up; in conclusion In conclusion, this essay examined two entirely different – yet effective – methods of teaching math to fifth-graders. Connecting words and phrases are very important while writing an academic paper. If you feel you need assistance with the correct use of connecting words in your essay or you need any other help with your essay writing, contact our friendly support team.

Critical Issues Module 4 Paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Issues Module 4 Paper - Coursework Example He founded the solutions of long term strategic projects with the help of various funding, the field building project with the tenure of five year that directly helped the 5000 leaders of nonprofits, more than 400 consultants and 600 staff foundations (La Piana Consulting, 2009). As a result, La Piana stayed the prominent name at the back publication on the theme for some years (and, debatably, leftovers the most important specialist on the subject). In the year of 2009, La piana’s nationwide consulting trade for nonprofit amalgamation and partnerships has had tremendous growth for the development and help with tactical reformation and it served the nonprofit organizations so effectively as it did a year ago (Gose, 2009). On description of his standing, this augmented attention in his social consulting services has been marked the best qualitative pointer and indicator strongly proving the expansion of the reformation progress in nonprofits and his tremendous contribution lead s him towards the success today. La Pianas basic revision on rearrangement concerned the study of 400 nonprofits organization with per/annum revenues of more than 0.2mn $ in San Francisco and Cleveland (Kohm & La Piana, 2003, p.13). The facts from the research recommended that â€Å"long term plan restructuring may create the combined programming in nonprofits†. The changing in environments creates a various chances for nonprofits to grow rapidly in all ways; also it offers new spirited challenges to compete with them in the market, frequently with those who are playing in the same industry. Being clever to distinguish when to work together and when to struggle — and having the Aptitude to shift with self-assurance flanked by the two — will be input to nonprofits’ skill to stay alive and flourish. La Piana convinced the member to share their ideas and relationship with each other, they articulated their emotions and feelings negative as well positive in shape of anger

Human Resource Management Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Resource Management Experience - Essay Example He was French, but English was the common language, and I was the most fluent person in the company. I accepted the challenge, despite short notice, and after studying the proposal, was able to identify the potential problems which might occur as a result of the merger. The most pressing of these I judged to be troubled labour relations between Jinro Ballantine's and the Pernod Ricard managers. In the meeting which took place, my assumption proved to be correct, with the added concern as to whether our program would deal with sensitive issues appropriately, or exacerbate already troubled relations. I explained why proceeding with the project would be a positive course of action, taking the features and converting them to benefits. These included issues around team building, personal development, strengthening of relationships and company loyalty. The Jinro Ballantine's president was so impressed that he accepted our proposal to put the program in place, requesting that I act as simultaneous translator, earning our company additional revenue. He extended the program to include additional sessions and participants, himself included. My CEO was also impressed by my performance, given I had only been in the job for one day, and so after the short space of seven months, I was promoted to assistant manager. I consider this an important achievement for many reasons which impact on my desire to study for my MBA. I learned that I had the confidence to rise to a challenge with calm efficiency, and that the knowledge I absorbed in my HR capacities enabled me to give a clear and informed presentation. I discovered that my influencing skills were such that a... The researcher of this essay aims to attain the appropriate skills and knowledge required, and to achieve his career goals, the researcher considers the MBA at Seoul National University (SNU) to be the most important first step for him to take. In accordance with Seoul National University Statement of Purpose requirements, the researcher firstly outlines his two most important accomplishments, and follow these with his career goals, then challenge to his value system. In conclusion, the researcher also recapitulates his strengths and reasons for this application. The researcher of this essay believes that his strength lies in his intuitive ability to relate to people, something that the researcher realized he possessed when studying psychology. It has assisted him to succeed in his various job roles and would be an asset in his course of study, as well as in reaching his future goals. The researcher is also committed to the idea of learning more about all aspects of marketing and con siders as an important achievement and particularly where it applies to his country. the researcher have learned that hi is a good team player, a tenacious person who will see matters through and someone who is confident and competent. The researcher then concluds that together with his work and life experience, these attributes mean that the researcher can successfully attain the MBA and more importantly, put it to the best use in creating a future career focusing on Marketing and Human Resources.

Candide by Voltaire Essay Example for Free

Candide by Voltaire Essay Through Candide’s perplexing adventures and enlightening encounters, Voltaire illuminates the numerous diverse cultures of which Europeans consider themselves superior. Yet rather than supporting the foreign practices of cannibalism, bestiality, and the abolishment of priests, Voltaire is ridiculing the Europeans’ own methods of torture in an abusive social hierarchy. Therefore, while freedom of expression and a consensus of the majority constitute faucets of good behavior, the European practice of elitist rule and inequitable punishments is revealed as unjust. This criticism suggests the need for reform by deriving authority from somewhere other than the traditional roles of the royalty, clergy, and nobility, a rather radical move at the time. Voltaire at first reveals the fault of Europeans through his description of the savage land of Oreillon. Upon their dissent from Paraguay, Candide and Cacambo come across two women, completely nude, who cry out and â€Å"spryly† run away from two monkeys who snap â€Å"at their buttocks† (73). Instantly sympathetic, Candide shoots his musket and kills the monkeys, thinking that he has redeemed himself from earlier sins by saving these distressed women. However, to his surprise he discovers that he has just killed the ladies’ lovers. Without questioning the practices of this foreign society, Candide reacts based on his own perceptions of right and wrong. His actions reflect the naivety of Europeans concerning what is thought to be normal based on their own â€Å"superior† culture. As punishment for Candide’s rash actions, the Oreillons attempt to roast the travelers over a spit to eat, justifying this through the proclamations that Candide and Cacambo are Jesuits and thus deserve to die. This behavior is explained by Cacambo as being â€Å"appropriate† because â€Å"if we Europeans do not exercise our right to eat others, it is because we have other ingredients for a good meal† (pg. 74). He recognizes that each society contains its own equally valid practices which cannot be altered or condemned by those who think they are predominant. In addition, Voltaire is not justifying that bestiality and cannibalism constitute a righteous society, but rather satirically commenting on the Europeans own practices, for it would be hypocritical to condemn these practices without evaluating whether the European’s own forms of punishment are just. As the innocent Candide ventures to Eldorado, he is once again introduced to a land unlike that found in contemporary Europe. Upon their arrival, the travelers bewilderingly walk upon pavement made up of rubies, emeralds, and gold and rapture in the delights of a free feast at a common inn. The generous, humble citizens then guide them to an old man and, later, even the approachable king, in order to answer their many questions. Through these communicators they come to realize that the most striking aspects of the village do not constitute its physical features, but rather its ideology. They are told that all men are free, and thus there is no need for the establishment of courts, trials, or prisons. While Candide is quite baffled by these assertions which completely contrast the structured social organization of Europe, he is even more confused by the lack of priests or an enforced religion, upon which he exclaims, â€Å"What! You have no monks who lecture, debate, govern, conspire, and burn people who don’t agree with them?† (79). These seemingly sarcastic remark is a reflection of the binary thinking in which the Europeans have taught their citizens to believe. Candide had always considered the church as an institution which interjects in every aspect of life and constantly ridicules and punishes others while denying the fact that there are other practices and religions besides the order of the church and Catholicism. Voltaire is not suggesting the elimination of priests, which would be a radical idea at the time, but is rather demonstrating a deeper criticism of Europeans who assume that they are superior and must punish all those who defy this idea. Although Oreillon and El Dorado are societies completely unlike that of the Europeans in law and culture, they are seen as portraying decent human behavior because they allow their citizens to express free will and they derive authority from the consent of the masses. For instance, in Oreillon, women are allowed to mate with whomever they please without judgement or persecution from others. This freedom of expression illustrates that the culture seeks to facilitate the happiness of its people. Additionally, when the two monkeys are murdered by Candide, the leaders instantly capture and attempt to punish the travelers, reflecting the society’s dedication to protect its citizens from harm and condemn those who impinge on basic freedoms. While this culture may seem bizarre compared to more civilized nations, the fact that it derives its authority from the people illustrates that bestiality and cannibalism are enforced as appropriate human behaviors so long as there is a general consensus. Similarly, good behavior does not necessarily need to be derived from praise towards the king or daily sacrifices to a church, as portrayed in Eldorado. Unlike in Europe, the king is humble, approachable and genuinely concerned with the welfare of his citizens. For example, the feast the travelers consume at the inn is free because the state is said to assist business, thus revealing that the government is willing to contribute to the success of its people despite their class or wealth. Therefore, despite their practices, these societies emulate good behavior. However, Voltaire forms a critic of the Europeans due to the unjust practices in which they derive and maintain authority. In Candide’s hometown of Westphalia, for example, the naive Candide is exiled from the castle of the Thunder-ten-tronckh because he kissed the Baron’s daughter, Cunegonde. He was unfairly punished because he stepped out of the social hierarchy to which he was born, while Cunegonde was not disciplined for her actions due to her rank. Similarly, in places like Paris, the elites haughtily criticize their fellow man’s creations and do not hesitate to manipulate and greedily conspire against others. When Candide is led into a ploy by the despicable Abbe and arrested even though he had not committed any crimes, he is able to buy his freedom with three diamonds. The officer then exclaims, â€Å"Ah sire, even if you committed every crime imaginable, you’re still the best man in the world† (97). One’s fate depends on the inconsiderate word of the elite, one’s wealth, and the act of bribery. Since Candide had money, he was able to secure his freedom while the majority of peasants who are near penniless would have to suffer. These scenarios represent the unjust rule of the elites over the consensus of the majority. While Voltaire formulates the components of good behavior based on the legitimacy the authority derives from its citizens, he also constitutes bad behavior as punishment without just cause. For instance, when Candide and Martin arrive in Portsmouth, they view the execution of a British Admiral. The Admiral’s crime was explained in that he had stayed too far from the French enemy and that his death would encourage others to fight more fervently during war. This nonsensical behavior represents the paradox of European punishments which reduce war heros to criminals. Another such scene is presented when Candide and Pangloss reach the city of Lisbon in which a haphazard earthquake kills thirty thousand people. Faculty of a university decide that, in order to prevent another earthquake, they must â€Å"roast several persons over a slow fire They had therefore seized a man from the Basque province who had been convicted of marrying the godmother of his godchild, and two Portuguese men, who when eating a chicken, had removed the bacon seasoning† (52-53). As a manner of electing their sacrifices, they choose those who had committed even questionable offenses, though even those forms of misconduct can be viewed as unsubstantial enough to deserve punishment, much less death. While it is firstly completely unreasonable to attribute a natural phenomenon to personal actions, Voltaire goes so far as to satirically illustrate that this is a commonsense European belief, for both offenses appear inconsequential to the victims’ punishment. Meanwhile, most Europeans would be disgusted with the culture of the Oreillons who engage in cannibalism after enacting a punishment. However, Candide’s death penalty after murdering two of its citizens is a much more equitable offense in terms of its punishment than removing bacon seasoning from chicken, such as in Europe. Furthermore, once a body has been burnt, it seems inconsequential whether it is eaten or not. Voltaire is thus able to portray the irony as well as the unjust nature of European punishments as a bad behavior of society. The figures of the time who would be most notably perturbed by Voltaire’s suggestions constitute the royalty, the nobility, and the clergy. Firstly, for centuries the royalty had uncontestedly derived authority through lineage and from claims to divine right. Candide’s embrace with the King of Eldorado would probably be perceived as strange because the royalty was considered far above the common people in class, stature, and rights, and thus did not need the consent of its citizens to govern. Thus, the monarchy would be opposed to Voltaire’s ideas because they undermine his authority. This is reflected in eighteenth century Europe when the National Assembly made a radical move by sending Louis XVI to the guillotine as a symbol of the growing dissatisfaction of the peasants and workers. Secondly, the nobility consisted of a small number of elites who mainly derived their elevated status from patronage. Voltaire’s view of this social class, at least in Paris, is illustrated in the abode of Marquise de Parolignac, in which these morose intellectuals portray that their sole interests are to spread slander, hypocritically belittle art, and greedily take advantage of Candide’s treasures. Similarly to the monarchy, Voltaire’s proposal that society’s values and laws should be supported by the consensus of the masses was a scandalous assertion because it would undermine the power of the elites and force them to surrender their privilege. Finally, the clergy’s word penetrated all aspects of life in eighteenth century Europe while Religious Orthodoxy formed local allegiances and bound communities together by preaching sacred traditions. However, it can also be said that the institutions of the church hypocritically valued their own self-preservation over educating the masses. Therefore, these religious authorities would not consent in being forced to adhere to stricter laws by having to give proper, legitimate reasons as a means to punish nonbelievers or delinquents of the church. Despite these opponents, Voltaire suggests a need for reform by deriving authority from somewhere other than the norm. Although European society appears far more advanced than that of the savages and more structured than Eldorado, that does not necessarily determine that its laws and people are superior. In fact, Voltaire constitutes good behavior in a society as something that has been consented upon by its people, while bad behavior derives from unjust punishment and the dangerous rule of elites. Voltaire thus forms a critic of Europeans through comparisons to these foreign lands and furthermore questions whether a reformation of authority is a necessary means to benefit society. Source Voltaire. Candide. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999.

Implications of Migration for Pro-poor Agricultural Growth :: essays research papers

differences etc. all of which influence migration patterns and remittance utilisation. Methods musttherefore be broadened to include more qualitative techniques and case studies. 2. Integrate migration and commuting into PRSPs, CASs, National Plans At present most key policy documents related to rural development, agriculture and povertyreduction pay little or no attention to migration. These should be reviewed where possible to integrate migration and commuting concerns. There needs to be a greater recognition of thecontribution of current and future mobility to development and poverty reduction. 3. Identify the conditions which stimulate the productive use of remittances Examples of productive investment of remittances should be studied to understand where and how this has occurred by giving special attention to: • Labour availability and household labour allocation decisions, how gender roles and cultural factors influences these decisions and the impacts of labour depletion on the household and local economy• The skills base of migrants and how/if this has changed through migration and whatcontribution that has made to developing/enhancing agriculture or enterprise in the source village• Existing constraints faced by the poor in key agricultural markets such as credit and labour and how remittances are used in situations of persistent debt crea ted byinterlocked markets – do remittances help the poor in escaping from thesearrangements?• Availability of key natural resources – water and land are probably the mostimportant. Are remittances invested in buying more land and is this used for production soon, later or never? Does the availability of water affect this pattern?The information from such studies can be used to identify appropriate complementary interventions The obvious ones are education and health – i.e. more educated and healthier farmers are morelikely to spend on better farm inputs and technologies etc. 4. Identify locations/situations where it would make more sense to facilitate the movement of people This would need to be decided on a case by case basis, say at the district level in order toaccommodate location specific historical, agro-ecological factors as well rates of urbanisation and agricultural development. The Chinese example is informative because mobility is being encouraged to reduce rural poverty and sustain the rural economy.5. Design transport services to suit poor migrants and commuters A number of research projects on transport conducted under by ITDG and through the DFID Knowledge and Research (KaR) projects have noted transport constraints, and their impact on rurallivelihoods and service provision are of a high priority for the rural poor.

Introduction to Computer

The Plates of a charged capacitor are connected by a voltmeter. If the plates of the capacitor are moved further apart. What will be the effect on the reading of the voltmeter? [1] 2. 3. What is the function of dielectric in a capacitor? A steam of electrons travelling with speed ? m s at right angles to a uniform e v2 = ? m rE [1] [2] electric field E is deflected in a circular path of radius r. Prove that 4. The distance between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is d.A metal plate of thickness (d/2) is placed between the plates. What will be the effect on the capacitance? [2] 5. Keeping the voltage of the charging source constant. What would be the percentage change in the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor if the separation between its plates were to be decreased by 10%? [3] 6. Two identical plane metallic surfaces A and B are kept parallel to each other in air separated by a distance of 1. 0 cm as shown in the figure. Surface A is given a positive potential of 10V and the outer surface of B is earthed. a) What is the magnitude and direction of uniform electric field between point Y and Z? What is the work done in moving a change of 20 Â µ c from point X to Y? (b) Can we have non-zero electric potential in the space, where electric field strength is zero? [3]B A X Z Y Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide. com and http://onlineteachers. co. in Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks 7. Figure (a) and (b) shows the field lines of a single positive and negative changes respectively [5] a) Give the signs of the potential difference : Vp ? Vq and VB — VA (b) Give the sign of the work done by the field in moving a small positive change from Q to P. (c) Give the sign of the work done by the field in external agency in moving a small negative change from B to A. 8. With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the principle, construction and working of a vandegraff generator. Mention its applications? [5] Mate rial downloaded from http://myCBSEguide. com and http://onlineteachers. co. in Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks

Impacts of Energy Consumption

The Impacts of Energy Consumption Coming home from a long day at school, I tell myself, â€Å"Damn, I’m tired! † On top of that, it’s blazing hot outside, so I set my thermostat to the lowest possible temperature so that my apartment can cool down quickly. After I adjust the temperature, I go to the bathroom and then leave the lights on from laziness. Finally, I turn on the television to watch something until I fall fast asleep. The end of the month comes along and I walk to my mailbox to check for any bills and next thing you know I have a staggering bill from Georgia Power!It’s nothing that I should be surprised about because I have ridiculous habits when it comes to leaving things on and setting my thermostat. I’m pretty sure I’m not the only person with an energy-consuming problem. I know that millions of people do the same things I do. Reducing my energy consumption is a challenge that I want to take on to better myself and the environme nt, which is a change for the good that i have great interest in. I looked at my energy bill for the past month and I did some calculations money wise. When looked over some energy facts on the Energy Star site, it made me realize something.According to Energy Star, the government agency that helps us all save money on energy and protect the environment at the same time, the air conditioning unit consists of approximately 50% of your monthly electric bill (â€Å"Save Energy at Home†). Last month, my bill came up to $70. 71, which is high for me because I don’t really run anything in my apartment but T. V, lights, internet, and my laptop. I barely use my stove or microwave because I’m one of those college students who eats out all the time because I can’t cook. Half of $70 is $35.On top of that, the unit can possibly use more than fifty percent if you don’t maintain it properly. Sealing and insulating ducts can improve the efficiency of your heating and cooling system by as much as 20 percent – and sometimes much more (â€Å"Save Energy at Home†). That being said, it would use less energy and cost less. Energy Star also says that leaving things plugged in even when they are not using it, can consume energy. It does indeed show a difference if you practice leaving things that you don’t use unplugged (â€Å"Save Energy at Home†).It saved me around 50 kWh which doesn’t seem like much but it’s something. Next, since an HVAC unit can possibly take over your energy costs, we should all know how to reduce our consumption when it comes to the HVAC unit itself. Installing a programmable thermostat can help your HVAC system become more energy efficient (â€Å"Energy Saving Tips†). I was reading a article from the ConsumerMan section of MSNBC and came across an article stating that installing a programmable thermostat can cut your energy costs by 20% (Weisbaum).These systems that we cheris h so much can also be sources of emission into the environment we inhabit. It is said that HVAC systems can be contaminant emission sources (Batterman). Have you ever left some food laying around and come to realize that it starting growing mold? The EPA conducted a few studies that shown that the HVAC systems are the causes of biological growth, and moisture of which molds use to multiply and grow (Batterman). Therefore, it would probably be a good idea to use programmable thermostats to lower costs and emissions into the indoor environment.These thermostats can minimize the emissions when we are not at home or sleep. Aside from the costs of using the infamous HVAC units that we all cherish so much, the environmental changes is something that goes on unnoticed to people including myself. I think that it’s something that we should consider because of a number of reasons. Energy generation impacts our environment in a way that we don’t see. Most of the energy that we us e is produced by power plants that use non-renewable resources such as natural gas, oil, and coil, all of which are considered as fossil fuels. â€Å"Fossil Fuels†) Fossil Fuels account for 83% of the Unites States energy consumption (â€Å"Fossil Fuels†). All of these fuels can release harmful things like carbon dioxide, which is a dangerous greenhouse gas (â€Å"Fossil Fuels†). Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere by agricultural practices and by the burning of fossil fuels (Michaels 5). According to many people and scientists, they believe that this is what may be causing global warming. Another energy generating method is Nuclear power plants. This, in my opinion, is the most harmful way to produce energy.When nuclear plants are producing energy, they are rapidly changing the temperature, which also increases evaporation. This then increases rainfall, which can affect agriculture with a lack of good soil (â€Å"Fossil F uels†). The environmental concern of nuclear energy production comes from the disposal of nuclear waste. Spillage and leakage of nuclear radiation into the environment can cause people to develop cancer if they inhale these gases (â€Å"Fossil Fuels†). That being said, I feel as if when I use too much energy at home and in other places, I cause the releases of these harmful gases my elf. Environmental Impact of Power Generation explains that 39% percent of the energy generated today is used to make more energy (Hester 15). So this book argues that consumption is, in fact, an important factor of a consumer’s environmental footprint. All forms of electric generation can have some type of environmental impact in the world (Hester 17). For example, hydroelectric power plants may not have any impact on the air, but to construct these dams can significantly affect our natural river systems as well as the wildlife that inhabits these rivers (Wittwers 25). What about coa l?When coal is used to generate power, things like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere (Rowland 35). The Environmental Protection Agency requires that the burners of these particular plants have control devices aimed at reducing the amount of emissions that are released. I looked up carbon dioxide in the dictionary just to have an idea of why exactly is it related to global warming. It is said that it is a greenhouse gas that affects the earth’s radiated balance, which also means that it is directly related to global warming. Another way to think about the greenhouse effect is to consider that according to physics the radiation we receive from the Sun must be equally balanced by the heat Earth radiates out to space. If we were to give back less energy than we receive, our planet would soon be too hot for life. † (â€Å"The Greenhouse Effect†) According to the research that I conducted, it is like a chain reaction. We use too much energy at home, the power plants produce more energy for our high demands, and next thing you know we humans are causing global warming.For the past couple of months, I have been getting significantly high electricity bills and I wanted to know exactly what it is that i have been doing to get such high bills when the only things i constantly run in my two bedroom apartment is: one television, a wireless router, a MacBook, and of-course, my HVAC unit. I learned that the problems are exactly what I just said, â€Å"I constantly run. † Not only that, according to online source, your HVAC unit consumes the most electricity in any household that contains one. I decided to do a project to see what I can do to help lower my energy costs as well as have a lesser impact on the environment.I looked over my Georgia Power bill and I apparently consumed 532 kWh costing me $70. 71, and 640 kWh the month before costing me a whopping $82. 69. That’s a lot for one perso n with only a TV and a computer running. So my goal was to lower those numbers as much as i can by the next billing cycle. Throughout all the research that was conducted, I decided to do exactly what my sources suggested. I set my thermostat to 77 degrees and left it there. I unplugged all of my electrical devices that were not in use and only plugged them in when I was ready to use them.The next billing cycle was up and I got my bill. For the cycle of March- April, I consumed a nice minimum of 364 kWh costing me only a small $52. 55 for that billing cycle. I was excited because my research project had turned out to be a success. Since the last bill, I saved 168 kWh. That was almost gave me $20 dollars in savings. In conclusion, I honestly feel guilty. Before all of this, I left my light on when I wasn’t using them, left my television on when I wasn’t watching it, and I even leave my office active when I wasn’t in my office.When I say active, I mean my printer s tays on at all times as well my desktop and monitor. I just never turn off my computer. It almost seems as if I’m harming the environment with my bad habits especially because I have a habit of leaving on my air conditioning because I either like my apartment freezing cold or blazing hot, depending on the weather and how I feel. The sources that I have introduced have plenty of reasons why people should strive to reduce our energy consumption so we can less impact the environment, ozone layer, and our utility bills.For one, I now feel better about knowing that I’m are contributing to a change that is bettering the environment and I’m even happier with myself knowing that I cut my electric costs by a percentage. Nowadays, I plug out everything electrical when I go to class and I now normally cut off my HVAC unit a majority of the day to reduce the humidity in my apartment, which contributes to mold and mildew. Works Cited Batterman, Stuart. HVAC Systems as Emissi on Sources. Washington: U. S Environmental Protection Agency, 1995. Print. â€Å"Energy Saving Tips. Efficiency Smart. Energy Star. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Environmental Impact of Nuclear Power. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Jan. 2012. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Fossil Fuels. † Institute for Energy Research. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. . Rowland, R. H. , K. E. Gould, and E. McDonald. Environmental Impacts of Dispersed and Concentrated Siting of Coal-fired Power Plants. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute, 1984. 35. Print. â€Å"The Greenhouse Effect. † Earthguide: Educational Resources in Earth, Marine, Environmental and Planetary Sciences.University of California. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. . Michaels, Patrick J. , and Robert C. Balling. The Satanic Gases: Clearing the Air about Global Warming. Washington, D. C. : Cato Institute, 2000. Print. â€Å"Save Energy at Home. † Saving Energy At Home. Energy Star, 03 Jan. 2012. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. . Weisb aum, Herb. â€Å"Will Programmable Thermostat save Me Money? † Msnbc. com. Msnbc Digital Network, 26 Sept. 2007. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. . Wittwer, S. H. Food, Climate, and Carbon Dioxide: The Global Environment and World Food Production. Boca Raton: Lewis, 1995. 25-26. Print.

Site and Situation in Urban Geography

Site and Situation in Urban Geography The study of settlement patterns is one of the most important aspects of urban geography. Settlements can range in size from a small village with a few hundred residents to a metropolitan city of over one million people. Geographers often study the reasons behind why such cities develop where they do and what factors lead to their becoming a large city over time or remaining as a small village. Some of the reasons behind these patterns are thought of regarding the areas site and its situation. Site and situation are two of the most important concepts in the study of urban geography. Site The site is the actual location of a settlement on the earth and is composed of the physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area. Site factors include things like landforms, climate, vegetation types, availability of water, soil quality, minerals, and even wildlife. (i.e., is the area protected by mountains or is there a natural harbor present?) Historically, these factors led to the development of major cities worldwide. New York City, for example, is located where it is because of several site factors. As people arrived in North America from Europe, they began to settle in this area because it was a coastal location with a natural harbor. There was also an abundance of fresh water in the nearby Hudson River and small creeks as well as raw materials for building supplies. Also, the nearby Appalachian and the Catskill Mountains provided a barrier from moving inland. The site of an area can also create challenges for its population. The small Himalayan nation of Bhutan is a good example of this. Located within the worlds highest mountain range, the terrain of the country is extremely rugged and hard to get around. This, combined with the incredibly harsh climate in many areas of the country has made much of the population settle along rivers in the highlands just south of the Himalayas. Also, only 2% of the land in the nation is arable, with much of it located in the highlands, making a living in the country highly challenging. Situation The situation is defined as the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places. Factors included in an areas situation include the accessibility of the location, the extent of a places connections with another, and how close an area may be too raw materials if they are not located specifically on the site. Though its site has made a living in the nation challenging, Bhutans situation has allowed it to maintain its policies of isolation as well as its own highly separated and traditionally religious culture. Because of its remote location in the Himalayas getting into the country is challenging and historically this has been beneficial because the mountains have been a form of protection. As such, the heartland of the nation has never been invaded. Also, Bhutan now controls many of the most strategic mountain passes in the Himalayas including the only ones into and out of its territory, leading to its title as the Mountain Fortress of the Gods. Like an areas site, however, its situation can also cause problems. For example, Canadas Eastern Provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are some of that countrys most economically downtrodden areas due in large part to their situations. These areas are isolated from the rest of Canada making manufacturing and the little agriculture possible too expensive. Also, there are very few close natural resources. Many are off the coast, and due to maritime laws, the government of Canada itself controls the resources. And, many of the traditional fishing economies they did have are now crashing along with the fish populations. The Importance of Site and Situation in Todays Cities As shown in the examples of New York City, Bhutan, and Canadas East coast, an areas site and situation played a significant role in its development both within its boundaries and on a world stage. This has occurred throughout history and is part of the reason why places like London, Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles were able to grow into the prosperous cities that they are today. As nations around the world continue to develop, their sites and situations will play a large role in whether or not they will be successful. Though todays ease of transportation and new technologies such as the Internet are bringing nations closer together, the physical landscape of an area, as well as its location in relation to its desired market, will still play a large role in whether or not such areas will grow to become the next great world city.

Valentines Day Date Ideas for College Students

Valentines Day Date Ideas for College Students As we all know the key to stellar Valentine’s Day dates is a mixture of creativity and originality†¦with a dash of personalization for good measure and nuance. Without ample life-experience to draw on, some great date ideas are pretty valuable commodities. Here’s 5 we know you and your special someone are going to simply adore! 1. Get Saucy Romantic Through Antioxidants Who says that eating healthy has to be crummy or dry? If you focus on antioxidants you can create unbelievably tasty and sensual meals that compliment a date extremely well. Think about this: A bottle of quality Merlot is jam-packed with antioxidants that help the mind become sharper, fight off cancer-causing agents and improve the digestive system. Plus, it’s a pleasant aphrodisiac! Your wine is then complimented with an assortment of darkly colored berries like blackberries, blueberries, gooseberries, etc. Each of these are like little packets of healthy micronutrients that excite the senses and add to the flavor of the experience. A slab of organic dark chocolate, which is a little on the bitter side and will pair well with the pinch of the wine and the sweetness of the berries. Also, brimming over with antioxidants. That there is a healthy and quite romantic Valentine’s Day treat, especially if your date is a health nut. 2. Organic Food Memories Speaking of chocolate and berries, why not make a tongue-tantalizing meal and serve it to your date in the place where you met? Along with some wholesome food that gives them a sense of home, bring back the memories that will remind both of you why you’re together. Remember to choose something lite, because if you burden the digestive tract the mind tends to follow in its wake. Salads. White seafood with scampi-like accoutrements. Lean chicken with pasta and vinaigrette. Choices like that. Then, add in some music that brings you back as well. Some great songs that lighten the mood with romantic songs intermingled into the playlist. Also, don’t be afraid to go into a genre of music you’ve never really listened to together before that can transport you out of your generation and into another from the past. Swing is a stupendous option! 3. Incorporate the Wolf Pack Who says the occasion just has to be about you and your date alone? Why not the more the merrier? Perhaps you could find a way to get the whole gang in on the action, including both family and close friends. Make the date a celebratory event that takes so much pressure and focus off the two of you and is instead spread evenly throughout the wolf pack. Plus, when you put your minds together you can come up with some really intriguing and memorable things to do. Pictures are a must. A great location is another. After that, it just about good old fashioned quality human experience. Your date will adore it, unless they were already intending on the date being more conservative. 4. Take it to the Highbrow Level Is there a club or restaurant in your area that’s almost impossible to get into? If so, plan way early and do whatever it takes to get reservations. Make sure that your date understands it’s a formal dress-up occasion so they don’t show up under-dressed. Just the fact that your there will really make a huge impression. Take it high-brow. Do the limousine. Splurge on expensive classy appetizers and drinks. Afterwards don’t just go to a movie, go to an opera, a dance, a play or something like that. If this isn’t your typical lifestyle it will be a real treat in every way. They’ll feel special in a way no one has bothered to show them before. For college students this could be a stretch, but it all comes down to saving up the necessary cash using a budget and being connected with the right people. 5. Buy Them an Experience! What if you rented a freaking Lamborghini for a night? What if you got an air balloon ride set up, or helicopter or plane? How about parachute jumping? Scuba diving? How about a day on a gorgeous sailboat equipped with a full staff? The idea here is not to buy a thing, but provide them with an exceptional experience that they’ll never forget and always regard with a smile and excitement. These memories will be more than date memories. They’ll transcend your relationship and really just be a great gift from one human being to another and that’s the way to make a real impression on someone. Is there anything you’ve done on Valentine’s Day, or had someone do for you that people should hear about? Share it and help make Valentine’s Day an awesome holiday.

Colonial America to Road to Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Colonial America to Road to Revolution - Essay Example People also entered America as servants that were required for management of the households and they were kept on the basis of indenture. Smith regards the story of indentured servants as one of the most dramatic event in colonial America. Slaves also ran from their cruel masters and established as respectable citizens and many whose masters were good to them, remained with them after migration. Many felons, thieves and vagabonds also arrived to colonial America in order to escape. Convicts and felons reached America because they were made outcast by English government and were sent to America. Most of the colonial America was populated by English men and women that came to America for various reasons. Therefore, many people from various lands including England reached America and were accommodated in it. People from diverse cultures and different religious ideologies reached America and form a united nation. Wholesomely, I like the essay by Page Smith but while reading, it appeared that I was losing the touch with the central theme of the essay. However, the essay is informative and is rich in terms of historic narration. It informs in detail about formation of America as a nation of diverse

Globalization (Korean-wave or Korean-pop) Research Paper

Globalization (Korean-wave or Korean-pop) - Research Paper Example This research will help the people to understand what the effect of globalization of different culture is and how it helps the Korean Pop culture to spread all across the globe. Apart from that this research paper will also help us to discuss the effect of globalization on the Korean Pop culture and also how it influences other music types across the globe. With the help of this research paper we can analyze the effect of globalization in a particular field like culture and music. Being a culturally rich country, the main aim of Korea is to spread their culture all across the globe. These reviews will help us analyze different positive and negative effects of globalization, how Korean wave culture uses this concept of globalization in their advantage to promote their culture. The working thesis of this paper will be â€Å"globalization is just a supporting tool not the essential one to promote the Korean Pop culture as this culture have the essence in it to get noticed by the world†. The answer of the research questions will be based on the literature review, primary research. Through literature review we will discuss about different author’s and scholars viewpoint about how the globalization plays a role in cultural mix and match across the globe and how it plays a role in the journey of Korean pop music. The primary research will help us to get the present conception about the effects of globalization on the Korean culture in terms of both positive and negative, along with the opinion of common man regarding how the globalization helps in popularity of Korean pop or Korean wave. While answering this paper we will take a primary research based approach with supporting the view of the positive impact of globalization based on different author’s viewpoints. The primary research will be based on 10 questions, out of which 8 will be close ended questions and rest 2 open ended. The answers of the open ended questions

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer - Essay Example Although Twain’s story is largely focused on the world from the perspective of little boys, he also gives the reader various insights into the adult world which runs parallel to it. The theme of superstition and religion may be seen throughout the narrative. Tom’s religious opinions and superstitions are compatible with each other and reflect adult society’s religious hypocrisy. Tom’s religious beliefs are very superficial. He names â€Å"David and Goliath† as two disciples (Twain, Ch.IV).   As it is compulsory to memorize five verses, Tom â€Å"chose part of the Sermon on the Mount, because he could find no verses that were shorter† (IV).   Sunday school is â€Å"a place that Tom hated with his whole heart (IV). Tom compares the boring church unfavorably with a circus, stating that â€Å"Church ain't shucks to a circus. There's things going on at a circus all the time† (VII). It is not his love of Scripture, but his love of glory , and his need to show-off in front of Bessie Thatcher, which leads him to barter his little knick-knacks for the colored tickets which earn him the prize of a Bible. Tom’s religious beliefs are compatible with superstitions. ... dead spirits, the only prayer Tom can manage is the bedtime â€Å"Now I lay me down to sleep.† When Injun Joe falsely accuse Muff Potter of murdering Dr. Robinson, Tom expects â€Å"God's lightening upon [Injun Joe's] head† as punishment† (XI). Tom and his friends say their prayers before sleeping on the pirate jaunt only because they fear â€Å"lest they might call down a sudden and special thunderbolt from heaven† (XIII). Tom’s religious beliefs are very alike superstitions. Tom’s life is filled with superstitions, which often dictate the course of his actions. An effective cure for warts ranges from â€Å"spunk-water† and charms, to split beans and blood. Of course, the efficacy of dead cats is the superstition which leads to the biggest of Tom’s adventures. Tom uses incantations to look for lost marbles. When the stairs creak at night, it is evidence that â€Å"spirits were abroad† (IX). An oath is to be sworn in blood for it to be binding. A dog howling is a sign of approaching death. Buried treasure is to be found under a tree when â€Å"the shadow of the limb falls at midnight, a guarded by a dead man† (XXV). Witches have no power in the daytime and Fridays are unlucky days. Here again, the boys meld religion and superstition. Old Mother Hopkins bewitches people by â€Å"saying the Lord's Prayer backards† (VI). The holiness of the Sabbath ensures that â€Å"Devils don't slosh around much of a Sunday, I don't reckon† (VI). Finally, it is clear that Tom’s superstitions serve the main purpose of making life more interesting and banishing the boredom of daily routine. When Huck tires of life with the Widow Douglas, Tom prevents him from running away by promising adventures as part of his gang of â€Å"respectable† robbers. It is the anticipation of an initiation

Universal declaration of human rights

Universal declaration of human rights INTRODUCTION Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR) was adopted on 10th of December 1948 by General Assembly resolution 217(III).it includes civil and political rights, economic, social, Cultural and group rights. There are quests to transform the declaration to legally binding documents, United Nations eventually adopted the two covenants, that is International covenant on civil and political rights (ICCPR) and International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights (ICESCR) in two separate instruments. The reason for the separate covenants was clearer in different arguments by scholars. In the course of two streams of arguments on whether economic and social rights received United States and western allies support or not was highly polarised that US and Western allies advocated for two separate documents while the desire for single document for both economic and political rights were from USSR and developing counties and when there was need for agreement on both sides during the cold war, US therefore advocated for ‘signature of two separate covenants to allay many fear that division of the Covenant might prioritize civil and political rights over econ omic, social and cultural rights.It indicates that many countries were against proliferation of the covenants while US and allies supported the separation because a single document was then against its capitalist policy, federalism and US stakeholders support, the motion was moved by USA and its interest hold sway, the covenants were proliferated. As a result, human rights were classified into three sub division; the ‘first generation rights known as civil and political rights while the ‘second generation rights are economic, social and cultural rights and ‘group rights as ‘third generation rights.But USA till now has not incorporated the covenants in its national law. ICCPR and ICESCR will be adumbrated by juxtaposing them with other bill of rights. INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (ICCPR) The preamble of the covenant which was adopted in 1966 but ratified and came into force in 1976 acknowledged that the state parties to the covenants consider principles in the charter of the UN and recognized the civil and political rights in Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR) and duties of individual to other individuals and community.it can be said that this covenant has its foundation in Universal Declaration of Human Rights and UN charter .Currently, there are 165 state parties and 72 signatories to the ICCPR , 113   states are also parties to the First Optional Protocol to the ICCPR..The Second Optional Protocol on abolition of death penalty was adopted for ratification in 1989 and came into force in 1991 with 71 state parties. The Covenant can be divided into a preamble and six parts, Part I -III (Articles 1 to 28) constitutes civil and political rights comparable to European and American conventions on Human Rights and African Charter on Human and Peoples rights and majority of these are ‘negative rights and briefly they are, the right to self determination,the right to life ,freedom from torture ,degrading treatment freedom from slavery and slave trade ,right to liberty and security,the right of detained persons,freedom from imprisonment from debt, freedom of movement and choice of residence,freedom of aliens from arbitrary expulsion ,right to fair trial ,Prohibition against retroactivity of criminal law ,right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law ,right to privacy, right of freedom of thought, conscience and religion, right of opinion and expression ,prohibition of propaganda for war and of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred ,right to peaceful assembly, freedom of association ,right to marry and found a family,rights of the child, political rights,equality before the law,right of person belonging to the minorities.Part IV to VI(Articles 28 to 53) contains monitoring provisions, interpretation and final c lauses. The First optional protocol has 14 articles with nexus to procedures on individual complaints while second optional protocol basically amended the right to life in article 6 of ICCPR. A cursory look at the rights shows they were copied from UDHR in order to develop it from ‘soft law to ‘hard law even the ones without nexus to it could be traced to other regional human rights, for emphasis, civil and political rights are in UDHR articles 2 to 21 while Articles 22 to 27 contains economic, social and cultural rights .ICCPR unlike Article 17 UDHR and ECHR first protocol did not however cover ‘protection to the right to property, it also did not contain rights to nationality and asylum. UDHR is normative declaration and statement of guidance in observance of human rights universally while ICCPR and ICESCR are legally binding instrument on the basis of the principle of pacta ,sunt servanda .it confers obligation on the parties because it arises from treaty. The advantage of UDHR is that all human rights and covenants relied on it and copied copiously from it, for example civil and political rights copied from, articles 3,4,5,6,9,10 etc; economic and so cial rights also copied from articles 22,23,24,25,26,and 27,importantly, ICCPR is the most comprehensive and well established UN treaty on civil and political rights.ICCPR and UDHR both share similarity by setting universal standard with the use of word ‘everyone ‘no one ‘all people, ‘all human beings. ICCPR nature as a ‘general and universal human rights treaty, most of its rights apply to every human being. Article 2(1) of ICCPR disallow any discrimination in the application of the rights, however, some of the rights are applicable only to certain categories of people like Article 6(5) restriction on death penalty is applicable only to pregnant woman and under 18 years of age. Article 27 is applicable only to ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities. Article 12 on freedom of movement is applicable to lawful residents and not illegal immigrant. Article 25 on political rights is exclusive to citizens; Article 13 on lawful redress against expression is for alien. Article 24 is for children. Political rights in article 25 ar e not for alien but for citizens. The benefit of Article 14(2) and (3) is for those charged with criminal offences. A keen observation shows that some rights are more detailed in the covenant while some are in general terms, for example Article 6,9,10, and 14(restriction) are detailed while   others are generally mentioned. Other treaties however provided detailed provisions of the generally termed rights in ICCPR, for example, UN Conventions on Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Right of the Child, Convention against Genocide, Torture, Racial Discrimination and Declaration on Elimination of Belief or Religious Intolerance. Convention on the Rights of Person with Disabilities, International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance.All these have generated civil and political rights into details. Most importantly however, Section 40(4) enables Human Rights Committees to comment while transmitting its report and by this explain the meaning of the rights under the covenant. Importantly, Article 2(1) talked about ‘positive character of civil and political rights ‘it means, as in the case of economic, social and cultural rights, that states parties must take positive steps to give effect to the covenant rights and to enable individuals to enjoy their rights.Some covenants on human rights are not without enforcement mechanism which is common in report system; whereby state parties submit report on the implementation of the rights in the covenant.Human Right Committee (HRC) has the monitoring task ascribed to it by article 28 of ICCPR to ensure compliance of state parties to their obligations and examine state reports in accordance to Article 40.It has inter-state and individual complaints procedure and this the committee has developed ‘far beyond the narrow limit of their legal framework due to its independent membership. The committee however lack power of forceful enforcement but only has persuasive enforcement power in term of submission of reports per time by state parties since they have obligation under Art icle 2(1) to respect and observe the covenanted rights. ICCPR substantive rights can be analysed further and in relation to incorporation of same in states national laws, many state parties had incorporated ICCPR in their national law and allow its invocation in national courts save countries like Australia, Canada, UK , USA and few othershowever, that does not mean ICCPR is not binding on these countries. Right to life in Article 6 is about ‘arbitrary deprivation of life and not about ‘absolute prohibition of taking life.In Guerreno V Columbia, where national law authorized killing by police on national interest. HRC found that national legislation could not justify Columbian police action of taking life ‘arbitrarily. In regards to the Socio Economic aspects of Article 6, right to life must not be seen in narrow perspective, right to life can also be deprived by hunger, diseases, malnutrition and epidemics .HRC confirmed that article 6 has an aspects of socio economic rights and many people died of these than being kill ed, it is submitted that death can be a result of absence of implementation of social and economic interest in ICESR. It is encouraging that HRC has addressed ‘socio-economic aspects of Article 6 which optional protocol lack ‘mechanism for its redress. HRC cited war, armed conflict and abortion of foetus as threat to life. Article 7 disallows torture, inhuman and degrading treatment ,and complemented by Article 10 which disallow a lesser treatment than that disallowed in Article 7.The article was expanded in scope by UN Convention Against Torture(CAT)1984.The act must be ‘malevolent and required   public official as perpetrator of it by consent as CAT committee agreed with the author in Dzemajl et al V Yugoslavia as well as HRC in Francis V Jamaica.It is submitted that torture can be a result of social and economic deprivation like lack of   housing facilities and gainful employment can cause people to sleep on the floor under the bridge which constitute tortur e. Also, solitary imprisonments without medical attention constitute torture. Few of the  Ã‚   rights discussed though constitute civil and political rights, nevertheless has economic and social interest and this is applicable to almost all civil and political rights, therefore, concern must also be given to economic   and social rights as well. INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS The covenant was adopted alongside ICCPR to develop UDHR rights, it contains ‘second generation rights. it was opened for signature in 1966.it came into force in 1976 with 155 States as parties as at January 2007.During the cold war, western countries showed preference for political and civil rights while socialist states became sponsors of economic, Social and cultural rights.ICESR covenant with new optional protocol has preamble that is similar to ICCPR that is, ‘founded on the inherent dignity of the human person. it also has five parts, Part I of the covenant is solely on Article 1,which on right of all people to self determination with free right to pursue economic, social and cultural development and right to deal freely with their natural resources and wealth. Part II of the covenant in Article 2 to 5 states obligations and clauses that are applicable to Part III generally. Part III constitutes substantive provisions, what Cravens called ‘the heart of the covenant includes, the right to work,the right of fair condition of employment, the right to join and form trade unions, the right to social securities, the right to protection of family right to adequate standard of living, the right to health, right to education, and the right to culture and enjoyment of scientific progress .Part IV is about system of supervision by submission of periodic report to UN ,the reports which will be scrutinized by economic and social council of the UN (ECOSOC).The   part also contain ‘saving clause with intention of ensuring   developed states did not interfere excessively by means of the supervisory system in the utilization of natural resources within developing countries.Part V is on ratification ,process of amendment ,its application to federal ,states ‘without   any limitations or exceptionsand its entry into forceSome of the article of the covenant are recognised in other international convention like Convention on the Rights of Child(1989),Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination(1965) e.t.c. The supervision of the covenant by virtues of Articles 16 and 17 is by Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), one of the UN organs, states send their report to the Secretary General of UN, who will in turn transmit the report to ECOSOC for consideration. ECOSOC in 1985 created a new body to assist in report consideration, the body is the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, now the main supervisory body. ICCPR, ICESCR AND PROTECTION Preamble of both covenants indicates they are both Civil and Political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights. The two covenants are like a coin with two sides. The 1993 Vienna declaration of programme of action recognised the ‘interdependence and interrelationship of both covenants. Both covenants contribute to the erga omnes principle and care must be taken trying to classify rights into ‘superior or ‘inferior, in hierarchical terms so as not to affect the credibility of human rights.Both covenant codified in treaty form the rights in UDHR. Parties can not terminates both covenants once ratified, it is an obligation that can not be denounced because they have no temporary nature.Both covenants believe in ‘collective right to self determination, the right allows ‘all people to freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural developmentand both instruments are legally binding and they are treaties that must be respected. Both instruments copied copiously from UDHR and both rights are product of cold war era between USSR and its allies and USA and its allies. Universa l language and terms are in the two covenants, UDHR shows the interdependency of the covenants before they were separated and made binding treaties. The compactness and interdependency still reflects in their articles, for example, rights to form Trade Union in ICESCR is recognised as freedom of association by ICCPR, Article 13 of ICESCR deal with education and liberty of parents to choose school for their children can be seen in Article 18 of ICCPR right of parents to choose religion and moral education of their child; Article 2 and 26 deal with prohibition of same discriminations and both recognise family They are interrelated to the extent that one will be miserable without the other covenant. The difference between the two covenants can first be seen in both covenants Artcle2 (1) of ICCPR is assertive while Article 2(1)   of ICESCR is passive .ICESCR is subject to the ‘maximum of its available resources and ‘with a view to achieving progressively while ICCPR put it that state parties ‘undertakes to respect and ensure compliance. The language in ICESR has been criticised ‘for devoid of meaningful content and only impose ‘programmatic obligations upon government. ‘The tenor of the economic covenant is promotional rather than mandatory, the covenant is designed to promote economic and social welfare, not to hinder it by placing states under obligations, that prevent widespread economic and social reformThe   enforcement machinery of ICESC is not as strong as that of ICCPR, State party under ICESC is to submit report every five years to the committee on economic, social and cultural rights(CESCR)with the aim of achieving same purpose as human right committee of ICCPR but of which the outcome of CESCR has been more ‘political than ‘legal exercisesUnlike ICCPR,ICESCR has no right of individual petition because the intention of ICESCR is not to interfere with ‘State Control over citizen and non citizen at the same pedigree as ICCPR.HRC according to article 40 of ICCPR, is the only mandatory monitoring procedure that the covenant established, it received report at the first year of its entry into force and subsequently in accordance to committee requests. Their report is publicly examined, the inter state procedure is not better than mediation and conciliation procedure and committee can only express its view on this basis which may not be accepted by state party, and Parties to First Optional Protocol had submitted themselves to the jurisdiction of Human Rights Committee, in ‘practice, a total of 844 individual communication relating to 59 states have so far been dealt with by the committee of which 248 were declared inadmissible and 308 were decided on their merits by so called final views under Article 5(4)of the optional protocol. ‘Decisions are neither legally binding nor politically enforceable and by implication, compliance are left at the mercy of relevant state organs for adoption of the committees recommendations which based its decisions on written submission of parties before it. SHOULD HUMAN RIGHTS BE PRIMARILY CIVIL AND POLITICAL ALONE? The two rights are sacrosanct to balanced protection of human rights since the two Covenants are interrelated; therefore one must not be neglected at the expense of the other. The juxtaposition of both covenants above shows that they are interwoven and interdependent, though this has been criticised as a compromise after the failure to equate ICESR with ICCPR which is not true. it is submitted that the foundation of both covenants made them equal but the cold war separated them and classified them into ‘generations of rights if ICESR had been considered with ICCPR as a single document, it would have been ‘ first generation rights as well, after all UDHR never desire the instrumental divorce. It has been argued at one extreme that economic and social rights are superior to civil and political in hierarchical standard of value, the argument well founded, for example, what essence is the political rights to an illiterate who doesnt know his right?   Economic and social right can correct this. Again, what essence is freedom of speech and expression to an hungry man? Economic and Social rights like right to work and right to food or standard of living can solve this. Displaced and homeless will only understand freedom of association as avenue for crime. it is therefore submitted that   total deficiency of social and economic interest will lead to counter productivity of civil and political freedom. if Social and economic   interest are deficient in mass and free civil or political will society, it will eventually hamper the latter. Hunger, Homelessness, economic frustration can cause violence and breach of civil and political rights, the civil and political problems in Rwanda, Somalia and Niger Delta in Nigeria were due to social and economic imbalance that ICESR can address for peace to reign. Economic and Social interest are instrumental to societal peace. Should human rights therefore be concerned primarily with protection of civil and political rights? The analysis above answers the question, the two covenants are contiguously related and where they are not, they complement each other. The argument of critics against economic and social interest can be summarised and dismissed as follow. That civil and political right has binding obligation language whereas economic and social right has passive and ‘progressive achievement.One may partially agree with this but law is not static, it has progressive formation of a binding nature, it only allow state party to have assessment of resources   for steady implementation. Another criticism is that to observe civil and political rights, state party has to abstain from doing act against the right s and these are ‘negative rights whereas state party has to intervene to observe economic and social rights and this makes it ‘positive rights. One may rightly say here that some civil and political rights required prompt intervention too like economic and social right. It has been argued that civil and political right are easier to implement because of little resources required while economic and social right required substantial resources for implementation. it is submitted that resources wasted in political right alone is enough to take care of economic and social interest, especially in developing countries, resources wasted on rigged election, bribery and corruption on political reasons and payment of political office holders is enough to fix economic and social interests. it is submitted that political rights in expression through democracy, is the most expensive rights in the world. ICESCR was criticised further that it lacked enforcement mechanism and that the co ntent of the right is not as authoritative as ICCPR. Argument premised on ICCPR Inter state and individual procedures of complaints while that of ICESCR is weak. This problem has received the attention of UN General Assembly when on 18 June 2008, HRC adopted Optional Protocol on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and   10 December 2008,UN adopted it, the optional protocol in its Article 2 provides for Inter State and Individual Complaint Procedure like ICCPR in economic, and social rights Complaints, Article 1 states that CESR can receive communication on breach of economic, social and cultural rights. The protocol was opened for signature in September 2009; this is a primary focus on economic and social interests. State membership and cooperation with International Organisations are making them to protect and promote indirectly and directly Economic, Social and Cultural rights, organisations   like UNDP, UNICEF and specialised agencies like IMF .ILO,UNESCO and few NGO in coop eration with chapter IX of UN charter. CONCLUSION The school of thought that believes that the two covenants are interrelated and interconnected is the best. Most Articles in ICCPR has economic and or social interest, Primary concern for civil and political rights only will collapse the rights itself. ICESCR is no longer weak in its enforcement with September 2009 open signature of its Optional Protocol. Giving primary attention to civil and political rights as opposed to economic interest is no longer in compliance with new World economic order, if States can fund political rights via democracy, they must be able to fund economic and social interest, many government of State parties that neglects economic and social interest do fail woefully in civil and political mandates, why? Because economic and political interest falls within primary values encompassing children and family interest and unit of family makes a state .it is high time States began to honour the covenant they entered into 33 years ago   (1976) with intention to b e bound   on pacta sunt servanda principle. The era of its gradual development is gone with 2009.Absence of war or conflict is not an assurance of peace and security but sincere determination in solving economic and social obstacles. Political and civil rights will only exist at the assurance of economic and social interest.