Ethnographic Research Study Essay

In the field of Anthropological studies, sociocultural anthropology has two considered major components namely ethnography and ethnology. Ethnography, which is the first component, is the system or the process wherein ethnographers tend to create a documentation of a specific place or society. Ethnography basically means writing the culture or simply culture writing. Often at times, ethnography’s products are being adapted Or created as novels, it could also be a move, a poem, or simply a written book (Haviland). On the other hand, Ethnology as the second considered major component of sociocultural anthropology is the way of systematically studying the different ways of life as well as cultures. This anthropological study is often made in a certain region and before it could be done, a certain anthropologist should read or watch any ethnography that would provide information about that certain region to be studied (Haviland). In general the ethnography gathers information and creates theories that would be of a great use or help to understand why differences in culture occur or what are their similarities while the ethnography is much more on the field jobs wherein they mingle with the society; do as what the people in the society do, eat what they eat, and live the way that the certain society’s people live (Haviland). The urgent anthropology is a release of the complexity of a certain culture in times of needs in order to create documentation before an anthropologist could not be able to do it for some threatening situations. This kind of anthropology is contributed by Franz Boaz and sooner was used by the other researchers towards the indigent people. On the other hand, the advocacy anthropology is explained as a branch of developing anthropology which is focused on defending, showing or presenting, and giving support to those disenfranchised society or group of people who do not have the courage or idea to do so and to promote their group’s interest (Haviland). Anthropologists always check their lists before starting their field study; first they must adopt some of the must-need theoretical perspectives, then before going to the destination, they should create or formulate their research design, then they’ll go analyzing the available data for additional information about the field work destination. This is for the anthropologists to be systemized and sure onwards their field research (Haviland). Mapping is important because it illuminates the important features of the certain culture that a certain anthropologist study’s about of which, on the other hand, cannot be seen. This is in order for the anthropologists to present or show the environment adopted by the certain culture that he or she is studying with. Mapping is also important in order for the anthropologists to secure the land, to be able to manage the land’s resources and to strengthen the culture of the land they are studying with (Haviland).

At universities and colleges Essay

In today’s society, a large number of the students in universities and colleges have less physical exercise than ever before and hardly go out of the campus to have some social activities. Many people argue that students pay more attention to the study than their health which may because they[SQQ1] do not get enough financial support. As to this problem, I hold the opinion that sports and social activities are just the same significant as classes and libraries and receiving equal financial support can have many benefits though it still has some shortages[SQQ2]. In what follows, I will illustrate my point of view. First of all, today’s students need to face more challenges which means they specially should have a better body[SQQ3] to fight for their future. Enough sports and social activities can help them become healthy not only physically but also mentally. As we can see, some of the students in universities choose to end their own lives because of their pressure on scores or other things and we can easily find most of these students hardly do exercise and even never go out to do social activities such as volunteer work. If this part of the students can regard sports and social activities quite important, they may have a healthier psychology and may not end their own life[SQQ4]. Secondly, if the universities can give sports and activities equal financial support as classes and libraries and build up enough gyms and exercise areas, it can be more convenient for students to keep fit. Because of the schools’ support, the students do not need to go out of the school to do social activities and they can find more chances in school campus like joining the school’s Red Cross to visit the local welfare center for children. Also, the increasing sports place can even bring students the convenience to do any sports any time they like. However, it can still have several disadvantages. For example, the schools  may have less money than before to support students’ study which means the school may invite less famous professors from all over the world to make speech for students. In conclusion, I hold the view that sports and social activities should be regarded as important as classes and libraries and should also get the same large amount of financial support which can help the students have a healthy body physically and mentally. These two facto

Leadership Discovery Project Essay

As we chatted I explained to him the baggy pants style began in the mid 1980’s with the birth and spread of hip-hop. I remember so well, pulling my oversized men’s pants down to my hips. The look was actually slimming to a larger girl like me as an added bonus. I also, remember, our assistant principal calling several of us into the office and telling us to pull up our pants – or be sent home, with zeros for the day. I am pretty sure that we did as he asked, at least until he turned around anyway. Sometime later, I learned the baggy pant style I sported (well into my 20’s) had negative beginnings. The style allegedly began as a salute to prison attire, which consisted of oversized pants and shirts. Often the pants would be falling down and inmates were not allowed to have a belt. Another claim is even more disturbing. Supposedly, the pants worn low, hanging down, were an invitation for sex in the prison world. Perhaps, I always thought, some kid just could not afford a belt and started walking around holding up his britches the best he could. Either way, baggy pants; they came and they have endured. (Parker, 2009) Some kids may be aware the style is reminiscent of prison attire. They might actually embrace the idea. The majority of the kids, however, who exhibit baggy pants, are more likely interested in looking like their peers, emulating musicians and actors, and wearing something that is defiant of the conservative nature of authority. Having a glance at someone’s underwear can be offensive. It can be downright aggravating. Even the president has chimed in on the controversial subject of baggy jeans. He said during his 2008 campaign( to MTV), â€Å"There are some issues we face, that you don’t have to pass a law, but that doesn’t mean folks can’t have some sense and some respect for other people, and you know some people might not want to see your underwear – I’m one of them. † (Blunk, 2012) I would have to agree with the president that I don’t want to see the underwear of young men with â€Å"pants on the ground. By the same standard, though, I would also like not to see, but cracks of older men hanging out, men in running shorts who expose their scrotum, muffin tops, thong underwear revealed, cops in cowboy boots, camel toes, and PLEASE, NO leggings worn by anyone over the age of ten. However bothersome, ugly, gross, annoying, disrespectful, or distasteful baggy pants are – or any other fashion fiasco – none qualify as a good reason to pa ss a law. If baggy pants are linked to crime – especially gang crime – such as lawmakers in Hawkinsville, GA, Trenton, NJ, and several towns in Louisiana claim, then it seems a fair ypothesis that all cowboy boot cops are racist, but crack revealers are child molesters and any woman who bears her thong is surely a â€Å"ho†. With a system such as this, racial profiling or any other profiling for that matter will become tools of the past. All we will need to ask is, â€Å"what were they wearing? † (Walton, 2011) (Parker, 2009) In spite of the fact that many people do not appreciate the appearance of baggy jeans, banning them is a counterproductive way to promote moral code or reduce crimes committed by young people. Pants are not a driving factor behind crime statistics. What leads to a life of crime are elements like socio-economics, education or lack of, history of crime in a family, and other situational elements. (Parker, 2009) It is not the baggy pants we have to worry about but, rather, the brain connected to the neck, connected to the torso, connected to the legs that hold the pants up. Unless you take into consideration, of course, the one benefit to law enforcement that baggy pants bring to the table; they are detrimental to the objective of escape! It seems to me that a cop would only hope for criminal wearing baggy jeans when in pursuit! Simply put, baggy jeans are a police officer’s best friend. (Feb. 17th, 2012) There is always an article of clothing or fashion statement for Americans to consider offensive. In the past it was anti-short skirts for women, anti-long hair for men, and anti-leather jackets for all. We graduated to anti-glove, anti-piercings, and anti-hoodie. But, the style†¦ and hatred for it†¦. that has endured longest is†¦ anti-baggy pants. (Walton, 2011) Americans are often guilty of setting limits on the issues that are irrelevant. If there is a school shooting – supply more cameras and metal detectors, if the classrooms are crowded and kids won’t listen then drug everyone up, and if kids are texting on cell phones while driving and dying from it then create a bumper sticker. Geeze! If we are worried about violence, crime, or the unsuccessful lives of young people, why then do we not set real, stern, limits on the things that hurt young people most; guns, drugs, automobiles, alcohol, tobacco and caffeine ? Perhaps this is because all of these things make money for a lot of people in our country. So, we go after the one thing that cannot talk back – a pair of pants. Or can they? Julius Hart was arrested in 2011 in Riviera Beach, Florida for wearing pants that were considered too low; exposing at least four inches of his boxer shorts. He spent the night in jail and was fined $150. 00. He decided to take the case to court and challenge the law. He claims wearing baggy pants is his constitutional right and he is hurting no one. The case is pending in the West Palm Beach Court. . (Feb. 17th, 2012,) This is just one example of what I like to think of as the â€Å"rise of the baggies,† but there are more. When the West Virginia House of Representatives tried to outlaw the wearing of low-slung pants circa 2007, they received ridicule from Sydney to London. Comedians joked about a â€Å"boxer’s rebellion,† and there were so many conflicting online political blogs the state Senate quickly killed the bill. (Parker, 2009) This mockery has not stopped other politicians from trying to eradicate the fashion we know as â€Å"the baggies. † Bans have become law or are being considered in at least eight states. The movement is fueled by growing worries that sloppy dress by America’s youth could be related to delinquency, poor learning and crime. (Parker, 2009) Elements of our society are obsessed with what the youth is trying to express in their attire. For me, however, the concern lies more in what they are not expressing in their attire; â€Å"I am not secure,† â€Å"I am not seeking a professional position,† â€Å"I am not able to stand apart from my crowd of peers†. I do not believe laws can solve attire concerns such as this; only education, consideration and personal motivation will do the job. There is racial discussion surrounding this debate. Many people, including law makers and religious affiliates, in all racial groups see this primarily as a black issue. Nothing could be further from the truth. If you walk down the halls of any white middle school or high school you will find there are many white boys wearing pants, â€Å"low and baggy. † The style is no longer associated as a hip-hop trend. It is cross-culture, crosses over socio-economic boundaries, and can be associated with also: punk, grunge, and mod, all trends that have surfaced in recent years. This is not a black issue as much as some may want it to be. Although I am resistant to this being racial issue, I am glad that many of the laws proposing bans on baggy pants have been met with resistance and action by the American Civil Liberties Union and the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). This is not just racial profiling. It is wardrobe profiling. I guess this means that all men in expensive suits are going to steal my retirement fund, or perhaps my son, who got cold in the theater and put his hoodie on†¦is actually a gun toting gang member. Conceivably a Supreme Court case for this would read, â€Å"The U. S. Supreme Court against Clothes! It makes me wonder if we are actually being manipulated by the powers that be†¦into a society of nudity. Maybe they just want to see us all naked. I think I will stick with the baggy pants. (Blunk, 2012) â€Å"Droopy Drawers,† â€Å"baggies,† or just â€Å"pants on the ground,† as they are referred to, are a fashion statement. For some , wearing them may mean a little more, for others they are only following the crowd. Some say it’s a ridiculously stupid, annoying, and sloppy way to dress. Others do not bother to care either way. Many folks connect these pants to criminal behavior. I do not and furthermore, I find it absurd that others do.

Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World - Essay Example Yet, the book is interesting, even exalting at times. It can be considered an introductory textbook. It is also a highly regarded work. In fact, various scholars from the field of feminism and women studies use the book to introduce students to the methods, issues, and theoretical frameworks central to the discipline of feminist biblical interpretation. In highly available essays, this unique and precedent making book includes many interesting methods of presenting the information on gender bias in the Bible. These methods and order of presentation of information include the history, achievements, and revolutionary and even radical questions. These questions were thought provoking, as was the entire concept of the text. The questions encompassed both biblical and gender study. These questions included many subjects that force even a skeptical reader to take the concept of gender bias in the bible into careful consideration. These cutting edge questions included science and , violence and the Bible, female biblical God imagery, and sexuality. These were significant aspects to consider especially in the context of the text and its implication. Also significant to the book and its implication is the writer's back ground. ... She is the author of Just Wives Stories of Power and Survival in the Old Testament and Today and Ruth in the esteemed Interpretation commentary series. The contributors to this book are just as important as the message it provides. These contributors include men and women alike. These contributors are feminist, womanist, and pro-feminist biblical interpreters. They include a list of scholars in theology, history and feminist studies. Contributors include Phyllis Bird, Nacy Bowen, Juliana Claassens, Linda Day, Ada Maria Isasi Diaz, Frederick Dobbs-Allsopp, Freda Gardner, Nyasha Junior, Jacqueline Lapsley, Eunny Lee, Patrick Miller, Christie Nueger, Kathleen O'Connor, Dennis Olson, Anna May Say Pa, Carolyn Pressler, J. J. M. Roberts, Kathryn Roberts, Leong Seow, Elizabeth Tanner, and Renita Weems. References Day, Linda, Pressler, Carlyn. Engaging the Bible in a Gendered World: An Intro to Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Honor of Katharine Doob Sakenfeld Westminster / John Knox / 2006 writinghelp-central.com, Book Report Writing Template. 2005. As viewed on the world wide web at UJRL

Compare Chinese monster and American monster Essay - 1

Compare Chinese monster and American monster - Essay Example Although many Chinese still believe that Nian exists, it has never appeared in the community or to a human again. Today, many of the Chinese light fireworks, as well as beat drums and gongs to drive the monster away. Modern people living in major towns and cities are the most notorious with the annual Spring Festival in commemoration of Nian the monster (Wong 27). In addition, the day signifies what most Chinese consider the unprecedented breakthrough after some villagers successfully tamed a horrible, ferocious monster that intimidated, attacked or even killed innocent people. Incidentally, tribulations of the village and the ultimate breakthrough forms the basis of contemporary traditions and customs associated with beating of drums, wearing red outfit and lighting of fireworks. The two other articles focus on Momo, an American monster. Momo (also known as the Missouri Monster) is hairy and foul-smelling (Hamilton 16). In general, the key differences between Nian and Momo highlight the fundamental cultural variation between China and the United States of America. The Big Book of Missouri Ghost Stories (2013) by Troy Taylor examines and analyzes the circumstances leading to the discovery of Momo the Missouri Monster. Apart from Momo, the article analyzes various legends and ghostly tales of Missouri (Taylor 130). In addition, the article asserts that most of the legends and ghostly tales consist of a mystery, bloodshed, and tragedy. Taylor further states that copious other stories about Missouri have since been lost in time, hidden or remained secret. Although a number of legends seem to have significantly impacted villages, towns and states, Americans do not take them seriously unlike the Chinese (Taylor 130). Louisiana residents have never considered the day some residents purportedly saw Momo special in their cultural history. Nevertheless, a few have forgotten the mystery and tribulations surrounding the reports about sightings of the

Share Trading Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Share Trading Assignment - Essay Example Trading Activities Buying of Shares with the notional ?100,000 888 Holdings PLC (888.L) ?31.25 as at September 30, 2011 11:07 Prev Close: 32.75 Open: 32.25 Bid: 35.50 Ask: 36.00 1y Target Est: 1.05 Beta: N/A Next Earnings Date: N/A Purchase cost ?54,000.00 1,500 shares times the ask price of ?36.00 per share. Stamp Duty ?270.00 ?32,750 times 0.005 (Note: 0.005 = 0.5%) Brokers commission ?10.00 It is ?10.00 whatever the size of the trade. Total ?54,280.00 Shares of 888 Holdings Plc seemed to be very lucrative hence the desire to buy them. What’s more, there has been an increasing trend in the value of shares of 888 Holdings Plc, which made it even more lucrative. Vodafone Group PLC (VOD.L) ?166.25 as at September 30, 2011 Prev Close: 166.25 Open: 167.15 Bid: 168.30 Ask: 168.35 1y Target Est: 199.14 Beta: N/A Next Earnings Date: N/A Purchase cost ?45,454.50 270 shares times the ask price of ?168.35 per share. Stamp Duty ?227.27 ?13,300 times 0.005 (Note: 0.005 = 0.5%) Brokers co mmission ?10.00 It is ?10.00 whatever the size of the trade. Total ?45,691.77 Despite recent drop in the value of shares, Vodafone Plc shares seemed attractive to invest in given the status of the company. The company has grown considerable thus proving that there is possibility of future prospects. What’s more, there were indications that the firm’s share is very attractive in the market hence trading on the shares may be very easy. The total amount invested in the two firms is given by 1,500 shares of 888 Holdings Plc ?54,280.00 270 shares of Vodafone Plc ?45,691.77 Total ?99,971.77 Selling of Shares 888 Holdings PLC (888.L) ?72.00 3.25(4.73%) 11:07 (April 16, 2012) Prev Close: 68.75 Open: 68.25 Bid: 71.50 Ask: 72.00 1y Target Est: 1.05 Beta: N/A Next Earnings Date: N/A Selling Revenue ?107,250.00 1500 shares times the ask price of ?71.50 per share. Brokers commission ?10.00 It is ?10.00 whatever the size of the trade. Total ?107,240.00 Vodafone Group PLC (VOD.L) 71. 54 2.09(1.23%) 11:12AM (April 16, 2012) Prev Close: 169.45 Open: 169.35 Bid: 171.50 Ask: 171.55 1y Target Est: 199.14 Beta: N/A Next Earnings Date: N/A Purchase cost ?46,305.00 270 shares times the ask price of ?171.50 per share. Brokers commission ?10.00 It is ?10.00 whatever the size of the trade. Total ?46,295.00 Total Revenue obtained from selling the shares 1,500 shares of 888 Holdings Plc ?107,240.00 270 shares of Vodafone Plc ?46,295.00 Total ?153,535.00 Percentage Profit from the Trading * 100 = 53.53% FTSE All-Share index is 5,300 on September 31, 2011 and 5,678 on April 16, 2012 at 1400 hours. = 7.13% Therefore, on the basis of the above calculations on Percentage profit and FTSE All-share index, there is no doubt that the trading was able to beat the FTSE All-share index. Critical diary Trading within the stock exchange market is a tricky and challenging aspect of commerce. Every individual involved in investment or trading within the stock exchange market has to be equip ped with adequate and up to date information on the performance of the various stocks or shares within the stock exchange market. One way of attaining such adequate and up to date information is extensive reading and listening to business news. Consequently, before engaging in this trade, I read many articles, journals, listened to and watched much business news. From the articles, journal

Atheism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Atheism - Essay Example The paper mainly intends to focus on the nature of the universe and the relation between the supernatural and the scientific world. Despite of belonging to different religions, the four authors mentioned in the article, that the existence of God is merely a subject of just talking. It shows that they believe God does not exist in this world of science. On further note with respect to the article, it was revealed that, some think God is a creature like human beings while the other thinks God to be fictional. On contrary, few believe that, the existence of God would have been abolished, if did not have invented verbal language. Furthermore, the article reflects about history, which tends to reveal about theists and the atheists endures executed atrocities. Correspondingly, this article has provided valuable information with regard to the existence of God. In accordance with the article, existence of God is viewed as a system of symbol and purpose among others. Furthermore, this particu lar article has revealed, that view of the authors remain the same despite of their belonging to differentiated religion. THESIS STATEMENT Thesis Statement has intended to show the motive or the objectives of the article. The article has reviewed about the varying views of people regarding the organized religion and the existence of God. ... In the article the two of the authors i.e., Anthony Lowenstein and Jane Caro are atheists and are providing their views with regard to the existence of God. This particular assignment intends to study the utilities of Atheism in certain areas and how it can be used to relate with this assignment. A detailed study about the utilities of atheism has been revealed in this paper. There always exist some atheists in every religion as seen in the given article. They oppose the views of the theists in the community. These subjects have been tried to elaborated and described in the discussion related to this assignment. Various aspects about the belief in God and the religion have been the major objective of this assignment. DISCUSSION The prime important topic of the article is the debate on the organized religion and the existence of God. It has given various ideologies regarding the topic. In the given article it has been observed that some people believe, in the existence of God, while s ome people believe that God is an entity like human beings and some said that God is a fiction in any form. The participants of the debate gave a similar ideology of non- existence of God despite of belonging to different religion. The targeted audiences in the debate were the people who had visited the debate program. With reference to the given article, two of the authors believe that God does not exist as they consider themselves as atheists. While the others; Simon Smart, who is a Christian and Rachel Woodlock a Muslim, believes that there is existence of God. In this stand, they were termed as theists. Atheism is the lack of belief in God. In the article the two atheist authors have tried to compare God with many things as man like entity, a fiction or certain

C&Ks Curriculum and Pedagogy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

C&Ks Curriculum and Pedagogy - Essay Example This is premise within the philosophy that the local community is supportive of the needs inherent in early education. C&K believes that education for children centers on care, fun, safe, and inspiring environment (â€Å"Mission,† 2010). And the type of content that C&K uses is on the emphasis of the learning process. The outcomes of this process are the positive gain of relevant knowledge and skills. The value of fun is an elementary approach for children to appreciate knowledge more. C&K’s teaching strategy utilizes the problem-solving approach (â€Å"Qualified,† 2010). This approach is embedded in children’s play. The teacher usually listens and observes the children’s ideas, observations, and stories. They do not instruct the children in the traditional way but rather teach them in the child-center educational methodology. Furthermore, C&K has professional consultants that ensure the quality services in the conduct of the early childhood educati on. C&K’s consultants assess and evaluate children’s progress in knowledge acquisition (â€Å"Monitoring,† 2010). C&K is also supported and supervised by the Department of Education, Training and the Arts (DETA). There are three basic principles of pedagogy: (1) learning has to be an active process; (2) the relevance of social interactions among children in school; and (3) the priority of intellectual activity based on actual experiences rather than on language (Golby, Greenwald, & West, 1975). First, education concerns more on the child’s learning less than the teacher’s pedagogy. In the practice of teaching, the teacher provides high importance to the active participation of the child. The learner is permitted to experiment. As a result, the child discovers for himself or herself an aspect of truth. Second, the child is allowed to share and discuss things with his or her fellow learner.  

UNICEF Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNICEF - Essay Example focuses its programs on: Child Survival and Development; Basic Education and Gender Equality; HIV/ AIDS and Children; Child Protection; and, Policy Advocacy and Partnerships. With the cooperation of its world wide partners and members, including governments and non-government agencies, it is able to implement its programs for children all over the world. This being so, it has 191 country based offices and innumerable chapters. Chapters or groups can be organized with the purpose of furthering the UNICEF goals and primarily act as fund raisers. Generally, there are no requirements for membership. In fact, one can just sign in at the UNICEF Website (www.unicef.org) and become a member. But some chapters require additional requirements to ensure that its members understand the goals of the organization. The University of Pennsylvania for one requires a person to attend five meetings before he is allowed to join their UNICEF Chapter. The University of Houston allows immediate membership provided that one pays the $10.00 annual fee forming part of their fund to be turned over to the UNICEF. Donations for the continued support of UNICEF Programs can be directly sent to any UNICEF Office. Membership is important. It allows you to give donations to help fund UNICEF programs. It also helps in showing support to UNICEF and its programs. Your show of support and being counted as a member gives power to UNICEF and for what it stands for. As a member one can avail of the overflowing gratitude and smiles of children that have benefitted and continue to benefit from UNICEF Programs which you can view at the UNICEF Website. These are far more valuable than money. It brings so much happiness and joy to each member. For me it truly out-weights gold. UNICEF has been engaged in so many successful projects. Out of these so many projects, one that I really appreciate and give support to is the â€Å"Unite for Children, Unite for Aids† program. This program initiated

1905 Revolution in Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

1905 Revolution in Russia - Essay Example The research paper will also discuss why the Russian revolution was unsuccessful. Any changes witnessed due to the revolution will also be discussed in the paper. Introduction The Revolution of 1905 in Russia began on Sunday, January 9. This was after military guards massacred more than one thousand children, women, and men outside the Winter Place of the Tsar. On that Sunday, which came to1 be regarded as the bloody Sunday, 150, 000 workers on strike together with their families marched through St. Petersburg. The reaction to the massacre spread across the industrial centers, which experienced spontaneous strikes of workers (Ascher 2004, p. 68). Moreover, the massacre marked the beginning of armed preparations of workers. Peasants in the countryside extended their views through numerous evictions of landlords. It took more than one year for the Revolution to end and save the reactionary Tsar regime. This was despite the massive support the regime got from reactionaries and capitalis ts. Prior to the 1905 Revolution, Russia had witnessed a significant strike in 1902 and 1903. However, this was not the key factor that triggered the 1905 uprising. The main factor that triggered the Revolution was the Japanese and Russian War in 1904. During this war, Russian troops felt humiliated since the Japanese troops defeated them. As a result, the workers and the capitalist class perceived that the Tsar regime in Russia could easily be defeated. These high hopes of defeating the military triggered the onset of the Revolution. In addition, the War with Japan burdened the peasants and workers; this increased opposition to the Tsar regime. The Revolution can be regarded as an uprising of the Russian people who wanted change in their government (Ascher 2004, p. 70). Timeline of the Events du2ring the Russian Revolution of 1905 A timeline of the events during the Russian Revolution shows the occurrences witnessed during the Revolution. From January 3-8, 120, 000 striking workers marched through St. Petersburg as the government warned them against the protests. On the bloody Sunday of January 9, 150, 0000 striking workers together with their families marched in St. Petersburg. Their main aim was to deliver a protest to the Tsar, but the Russian army shot them down (Ascher 2004, p. 71). The reaction to this massacre spread to the neighboring regions; industries experienced numerous strikes of workers. On February, the strike spread to the Causasus; Grand-Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was assassinated in the height of the protests. During the same month, Nicholas II ordered the creation of an assembly to report on the reforms of the constitution. The following month, the unrest and the strikes reached the Urals and Siberia. On April 2, the second National Congress of Zemstovs demanded a constitutional assembly; this saw the formation of the Unions of Unions. The government got embarrassed on May due to the sinking of the Baltic Fleet, which had spent seven months sailing round to Japan. On June, the government used soldiers to counter strikers in Lodz, and on June 18, Odessa was halted following a massive strike. From June 14-24, there occurred a mutiny of Sailors on Battleship Potemkin. The first conference of the Peasants union was held in Moscow on August; the same month, Nizhnii held the first Congress, which comprised of the Muslim Union (Ascher 2004, p. 72). On August 6, Tsar issued a 3manifesto that detailed the creation of a state Duma; however, this plan faced massive rejection from the revolutionaries on grounds of its weak structure. The treaty of Portsmouth on August

Discrimination and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Essay Example for Free

Discrimination and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Essay The South was racially biased for years after the Civil War. The Southern states would create legislation to enact â€Å"Jim Crow† laws upon the black community. Segregation was at its peak in the United States and the black community had been oppressed long enough. Conforming to the segregated South only caused hostility. The government that recognized blacks as members of society ignored them. In fact, the government that could protect the black community from the violence incurred by terrorist groups was often members of the groups themselves. Rebellion was the only and final option. In order for the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to be ratified by Congress, the black community needed to rebel against the â€Å"Jim Crow† laws of the South, the violence invoked by hate organizations, as well as (with assistance from white college students) the hypocrisies of the United States government. Jim Crow became a general term used in the South to refer to the segregation and discrimination laws that affected African-American life. The name originated from â€Å"an 1832 song called Jump Jim Crow by Thomas Rice† (Hillstrom 9). The song may have been named after a slave that Rice knew or from the expression â€Å"black as a crow†. The main purpose of Jim Crow laws was to segregate and disenfranchise the black community. During the Jim Crow era, â€Å"various states passed laws that banned blacks from hospitals, schools, parks, theaters, and restaurants† (Hillstrom 9). In all cases, the facilities marked colored  were noticeably inferior to the whites. Many cities and states would ratify their own specific Jim Crow laws. Some laws such as blacks having to cross the street when a white woman, on the same sidewalk, was walking toward them or â€Å"maintaining a separate building, on separate ground, for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of colored or black race† (Bell 4) were absurd. In the summer of 1955, a 14-year-old boy was brutally beaten and killed for allegedly whistling at a white woman. The husband and brother-in-law of the woman were charged with murder but were acquitted of all charges after only sixty minutes of deliberation. In an interview months later, with protection from the Constitutional clause of double jeopardy, both brothers openly admitted, without remorse, to maiming and killing the boy. The quick deliberation and acquittal outraged the country and helped to energize the Civil Rights Movement. The Jim Crow laws were progressively getting worse for the black community. Lawmakers needed to be black, or abolitionists, in order for the laws to change. Rebellion by way of the ballot box was the answer. In The United States, the democratic process is supposed to allow voters a chance to correct social injustices. Citizens within the black community should have the ability to vote black candidates into office. Blacks could elect city council members, mayors, judges, and even state representatives. But in Mississippi the people in power, all of whom were white, denied blacks the opportunity to vote. The white community believed that if blacks achieved the right to vote, they would make up the majority. The black majority would force out the racist whites from power and change the social injustices. Mississippi Senator Eugene Bilbo stated, â€Å"If you let a few (blacks) register to vote this year, next year there will be twice as many, and the first thing you know, the whole thing will be out of hand† (Aretha 20). The black community needed to vote in order to achieve change. Without the right to vote, segregation and the disenfranchisement of African-Americans would cease to change. The southern-white lawmakers created a complicated system to keep African-Americans from voting. â€Å"White local and state officials systematically kept blacks from voting through formal methods, such as poll taxes and literacy tests† (Summer 1964). The literacy test prevented even educated African-Americans from achieving voter registration. The test required voters to â€Å"read and interpret a section of the state constitution to the â€Å"satisfactory† of the registrar† (Aretha 21). This allowed â€Å"white registrars to decide whether or not a person passed. Most blacks, even those with doctoral degrees, failed† (Cozzens 1). Fear was a constant tactic for the racist south. Black applicants â€Å"had to give, under oath, information about his or her address, employment, and family members. This information would then be given to the applicants employer, the KKK, and other organizations† (Let Freedom Ring 149). Having the bravery to rebel against society, by registering to vote, caused many blacks to fear retaliation from the KKK and their employer. In the post-Civil War era many white Southerners resented the changes imposed by the Union. In the years during Reconstruction, terrorist groups sprang up all over the south. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and the White Citizens Council, â€Å"the uptown Klan†, which was often made up of sheriffs, doctors, lawyers, and even mayors, quickly gain thousands of members across the south. The KKK had four explicit tactics in their war against blacks, â€Å"First was cross burning, second would be the burning and dynamiting of houses and buildings, third was flogging, and the Fourth was extermination† (Watson 143). In 1964, a single Mississippian county had â€Å"37 churches and 30 black homes and businesses were firebombed or burned, and the cases often went unsolved† (Summer 1964). Hate crimes were becoming increasingly common and extremely brutal throughout the South. The black community needed and sought change. After many years of brutality and hatred, many blacks believed they were inferior to whites. To combat the inferiority thought, Bob Moses created â€Å"Freedom Schools† and community centers open to the black community. â€Å"The community centers would offer facilities limited by the Jim Crow system: libraries, arts and crafts, daycare, and literacy classes† (Burner 124). Freedom Schools taught students African-American history and current events. Moses saw the Freedom Schools â€Å"as an opportunity to teach the â€Å"politics of Mississippi† and begin to build a core of educated leadership in the state† (Burner 124). Members of SNCC and CORE believed that rebellion was a necessity, and rebelling with nonviolent methods would allow the nation to see the atrocities inflicted in the south. In order to gain momentum, the black community needed assistance from the federal government and the national media. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) came to the forefront for reform. In 1961, seven blacks and six whites tested the federal law, which called for the desegregation on interstate travel. Called the Freedom Riders, thirteen people â€Å"rode buses into the south, daring the federal government to enforce the law. The Freedom Riders were arrested in North Carolina, beaten by mobs in South Carolina, and saw their buses fire bombed in Alabama† (Watson 24). The thirteen men rode into the south with whites sitting in the back of the bus, the blacks in the front, and would use the same facilities at bus stations as stated by federal law. James Farmer, one of the thirteen riders and the director of CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) stated, â€Å"We felt we could count on the racists of the South to create a crisis so that the federal government would be compelled to enforce the law† (Cozzens 1). The rebellion of the thirteen brave men to ride into the south created the national media attention the activist desperately needed. The national media started to show the country how hypocritical the United States had become. Men of many races fought for their country in a time of war, but came home to a country that was at war within itself. In the early 1960’s, the black community rebelling for equal rights began to capture the attention of Americans across the country. 1964, a presidential election year, was a pivotal time to rebel for the African-American right to vote. For generations the south held a dominant Democratic Party. Rebelling against the injustices set by the â€Å"whites-only† Democratic Party could only be changed by use of the ballot box. Bob Moses, a member of SNCC, decided to send volunteers into Mississippi to register voters. The voter registration drive came to be known as â€Å"Freedom Summer†. Bob Moses outlined the goals of Freedom Summer as to increase black voter registration and to organize a legally constituted â€Å"Freedom Democratic Party† to compete with the whites-only Democratic Party. Moses instructed recruits, â€Å"Don’t come to Mississippi this summer to save the Mississippi Negro. Only come if you understand, really understand, that his freedom and yours are one† (Aretha 41). To achieve the attention of the national media, Moses and other members of SNCC decided to recruit white college students from the north. â€Å"Violence against Northern Whites would at least get Mississippi on the nightly news† (Rachall 173). Children of the dominant social class, rebelling against their parents and the accepted society of the south, in fact attracted national attention. Moses stated, â€Å"These students bring the rest of the country with them. They are from good schools and their parents are influential. The interest of the country is awakened and when that happens, the government responds† (Aretha 30). Rebelling against the hypocrisies of their nation, their parents, and even society, white college students came by the hundreds to volunteer for â€Å"Freedom Summer†. Volunteers went to Oxford, Ohio, currently the campus of Miami University, for a weeklong orientation. Volunteers were not going to be paid and would need to support themselves. They were told to bring money for living expenses, bail, and even medical bills if necessary. The volunteers had to be prepared for death. James Forman, of SNCC, told the volunteers, â€Å"I may be killed, you may be killed, the whole staff may be killed† (Cozzens 3). The students were told that if arrested, go to jail quietly. The authorities would have cause to react violently if volunteers were to resist. The national media and the south would exploit the aggression and discredit the actions of a nonaggressive rebellion. Rebellious college students used Hitler and Mussolini’s ideologies, fascism and the idea of a united master race, as a direct correlation to what was happening to blacks in the South. World War II was only twenty years prior and the Cold War was just beginning. Many Americans still held hostility towards Germany and the idea of racial class distinctions. The spread of communism and Nuclear War were constant backdrops to every evening newscast. If the United States could announce to the world their â€Å"Policy of Containment† then the world should hear about hypocrisy within the United States. The Blacks and volunteers used the memories of the war to prove how fascist ideas were being entertained. Rebelling and protesting would allow the world to see the deceitful ways America. In June 1964 rebellion against hate crimes, voter rights, and the segregation of blacks was underway. A Michigan State student said of their arrival in Mississippi, â€Å"The greyhound bus dropped us off on a residential street, we had no idea where we were. Almost immediately we found ourselves being circled by pickup trucks with rifles and big dogs in the back† (Aretha 47). Jane Adams, Southern Illinois University, stated, â€Å"Mississippi had geared up for war. They saw us as invaders coming in for a complete assault on their way of life. Everybody on both sides expected that there would be a bloodbath. We all expected we could die† (Aretha 47). Two white men and a black man rebelling against southern society were easy targets for police. Two white men, Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman, as well as a black volunteer James Chaney were last seen going to a bombed out church to offer their condolences to the congregation and to offer their assistance with the investigation. The men disappeared after being singled out by the racist authorities. The next day, staff called police when the three men failed to check in at their headquarters. The police, often members of the KKK, often used their authority to invoke fear into both black and white volunteers. KKK pamphlets declared, â€Å"We are now in the midst of the long, hot summer of agitation which was promised to the Innocent People of Mississippi by the savage blacks and their communist masters† (Watson 142). After the disappearance of Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney, President Johnson and the FBI became involved. The story of the missing, as well as the peaceful rebellion, quickly gained national attention. Two of the men’s skin color became a key factor for the instant media. Rita Shwerner declared, â€Å"We all know that the search with hundreds of sailors is because my husband and Goodman are white. If only Chaney was involved, nothing would have been done† (Rachal 168). The media may have not paid much attention if only a black man went missing. The media told the story of the missing men on nationally televised nightly newscasts and public outcry immediately followed. Finally the south received assistance from the federal government. Lyndon Johnson sent hundreds of men from the military to search for the three men. As the search went on, the Mississippi Governor and a member of the White Citizens Council exclaimed, â€Å"Of course I don’t approve of murder, but those kids were asking for trouble† (Aretha 50). The shot and beaten bodies of the missing men were found after a month. It later surfaced that the local police arrested the three men for speeding. After dark, the police released the men to the KKK. Eighteen men were originally arrested but only a few were convicted and served light sentences. Finally in 2005, 41 years after the murders, Edgar Ray Killen was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to three life sentences, without the possibility of parole, to be served in succession. After the deaths of Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney was the perfect time for blacks to rebel louder. To achieve the voting rights for the segregated community, the rebellious blacks and whites created a stronger alliance than ever before. By coming together, the black community showed America that the rebellion would not end until equal rights and the ability to vote was achieved. The summer of 1964 became the high water mark for equal rights in America. â€Å"Freedom Summer† along with nonviolent protests across the south lead to the signing of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Voting Rights Act â€Å"prohibits voting practices or procedures that discriminate on the basis of race, color. Discrimination to voting applies nationwide to any voting standard, practice, or procedure that results in the denial of the right of any citizen to vote. Section 2 is permanent and has no expiration date† (Section 2). Rebellion was a necessity to end the disenfranchisement of the African-American community. Rebellion for the black community was not to conform to the racist south, but to consciously do the opposite. Without rebellion and bravery the south may have never changed. Volunteer Bruce Hartford professed, â€Å"We used to say: If you don’t like the history they’re teaching you in school, go out and make some of your own† (Aretha 35).

Advertising, Social and Economic Costs and Benefits Essay Example for Free

Advertising, Social and Economic Costs and Benefits Essay Tesco is in private sector, but it is a PLC, a public limited company, this is an international business, also it is in primary. Tesco is doing service by providing food to its customers. Tesco exist, so people can buy food, they do their own products also, this company exists for making profit. Tesco makes profit by selling its products or making deliveries to customers. Tesco is trying to achieve , to be the best company Our vision is for Tesco to be most highly valued by the customers we serve, the communities in which we operate, our loyal and committed staff and our shareholders; to be a growth company; a modern and innovative company and winning locally, applying our skills globally. Tesco is a global business. Tesco is a public limited company (PLC) this means that the owners of Tesco are the shareholder. North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service- This is a public sector organization, it doesn’t make profit, because it’s service costs more than the amount of money people pay them for fire. This organization exist so when the people have fire or extreme situations they call fire and rescue service and they help them. In 2004 North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority developed a new focused Vision to reflect their broader function within the modernisation agenda. Over the 10 years to 2014, in North Yorkshire and the City of York, 125 more people will still be alive through the work of the new Fire and Rescue Service. This will be due to the Service having significantly reduced the likelihood and severity of fire and other emergencies. We will achieve this through the dedication of our staff working in partnership with other agencies in the community. This is a local company because it is North Yorkshire. Simply summarised as The term 125 Alive captures the Authoritys Vision in one simple phrase. It means that 125 people who might otherwise have died in an accident will be alive because of preventative action taken by the Fire and Rescue Service working in partnership with other agencies. The target will be achieved by a steady reduction year on year in fatalities in road traffic collisions and fires. The aims and objectives of this organization are to help people to rescue them away from dangerous things, and also to remove the fire away, so the people will be in safe. They are trying their best , so they will be the best from their competitors. P2 â€Å"describe the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of two contrasting organisations† M1 â€Å"explain the points of view from different stakeholders seeking to influence the strategic aims and objectives of two contrasting organisations† Stakeholders: A person, group, or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives, and policies. Key stakeholders in a business organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources. Stakeholder Grouping| Interest| Tesco PLC| NY Fire amp; Rescue Service| Consumers/customers| They want high quality, value for money products. Customers often identify with the brands they buy. They like to see improvements that give them better value for money. | People who want to buy high quality food or other staff| This are the local people in the local area who wants to take the fire out| Employees/workers| The company provides them with a salary/money to live (a livelihood). They seek security, promotion opportunities, job satisfaction and rewards. | This are the workers in the stores, they are interested in security| This are the firemen, their job is to rescue people and to remove the fire for safety. | Suppliers| They want steady orders and payment for supplying stock. They also want to feel valued. People which supply different staff like water, food, drinks etc. They do it because they are sure that Tesco Is a successful business and if they are successful so they have a lot of profit , and suppliers are sure in Tesco and they have more orders cause Tesco has more customers| People, who supply the equipment, like the extinguishers. | Owners| They may be a sole trader or in a partnership. In a company it would be the shareholders. Often thought to be the most important stakeholder. They see themselves as the principal risk taker. They want to see share of profit increasing and the value of the business rising. So the owner of Tesco is the shareholders, they are interested in success of their business, they want Tesco to be the best, as every shareholder does. | The government is the owner of the NYFRS. The government wants to succeed this organization in their job, so people will be in safe. | Trade Unions| They represent the views of the employees of the business. They want higher wages and better conditions. | They want Tesco to be successful, because if Tesco is successful, so workers conditions will be better, because this stakeholder is interested in employees comfort and life. They are interested in firemen success and conditions, wages etc. So if firemen start to rescue people or removing fire more and more, so they could get salary and this is good for Trade Union, this is what they want. | Employer Associations| They are the employer’s equivalent of the TU. They represent the employer’s interests in specific associations. | Basically this stakeholder is equivalent Trade Union, they have quite the same interests, they also take care about the workers, but in specific way. | They are looking for the comfort of the firemen, in specific associations. Local communities| The actions of businesses can have a big effect on communities around them. They want improved facilities and provision of jobs. | Local communities wants Tesco to be considerate about the people who live nearby, considerate about the emotions and feelings. | This are the people who live near by the fire rescue service base, so when they have an emergency call they start to drive fast and a lot of noise etc. People want them to be considerate about them and to think about them, that people could be sleeping now, or doing something different when they can’t be disturbed. Governments| They want successful organisations which contribute to economic growth and provide jobs and tax revenue. They also like businesses that contribute towards the welfare of the country’s society. | Government wants Tesco to succeed, so the economy of the country would improve more and more, and more employees would be needed as the company will grow, so less unemployed people would be. | The government wants to succeed this organization in their job, so people will be in safe, and the country’s level of popularity would increase. Tesco: 1) Owners 2) Workers 3) Supplies 4) Customers 5) Government NYFRS: 1) Government 2) Workers 3) Suppliers 4) Customers 5) Local communities D1 â€Å"Evaluate the influence different stakeholders exert in ONE organization Tesco: 1) Directors To be as strong in everything we sell as we are in food Directors are the stakeholders which have the most influence of the Tesco, because they can do everything what they want with the business, because it is theirs. They have ultimate control and power. If they want for example they can change the name from â€Å"Tesco† to something else etc. 2) Workers- To build our team so that we create more value Workers are the second most influence stakeholders in Tesco. This is because if there is no workers so the business can’t grow at all and it will fail, no workers, means no job done. But also if the workers would leave the Tesco, it is not such a big problem, because â€Å"Tesco† is well known successful business, and a lot of employees want to work for them. 3) Customers- To grow the UK core Customers are 3rd important stakeholders which have influence on Tesco. So if there would not be customers the business would not be able to make profit at all, so customers are also really important part of each business. If the Tesco loses the customers , so they will go to theirs opponent businesses, such as â€Å"Asda† and â€Å"Sainsbury’s†, and this could be because their would be not enough workers, or the customer service would be at low level. 4) Suppliers- To put our responsibilities to the communities we serve at the heart of what we do. Suppliers are last important stakeholders with influence on Tesco, because if the suppliers wont supply any products so Tesco would have to use its own products, but that wouldn’t make a lot of profit, and won’t be sustainable. If â€Å"Tesco† loses the suppliers, it is not a problem, because there are a lot of suppliers which are free and waiting for their chance, but if the suppliers were too good, this would be sad. P3 â€Å"Describe how two businesses are organised† TESCO: Span of control: The number of subordinates that a manager or supervisorcan directly control. This number varies with the type ofwork: complex, variable work reduces it to six, whereasroutine, fixed work increases it to twenty or more. Chain of Command: The  order  in which  authority  and  power  in an  organization  is wielded and delegated from  top management  to every employee  at every  level  of the organization. Instructions flow downward along the chain of command and accountability  flows  upward. The chart shows that Tesco has a different level of workers in its organization. These shows the mangers and members, whom they control. The managers take responsibility of what their assistants do. Manager of one job can’t control the assistants of other job manager, so everything is equal. The boss of everyone is the store director, after him is regional manager as you can see, and later is the store manager, and only than other managers of different jobs, and on the bottom of the chart are all of the assistants of all of the mangers. So in Tesco and in all other businesses the member of the working team can’t control anyone above him, or anyone or the same line, he can control only the people who are under him. It is very hard to control big organization. So, it will be better to break the organization into smaller parts. There are 4 main ways of breaking a business down into smaller sections: 1) By Function- What is the sense of each section? 2) By Location- Where is the section situated on the map? 3) By Product- Which service does the section belong to? 4) By Process- A customer staying approached on the other customers who are interested in Tesco. There are 2 main types of organizational structure: 1) Tall 2) Flat The difference between this two is that tall has more levels than flat , however in Flat Mangers there are wider span of control. . So, we can say that Tesco has Tall structure, because in Tesco’s Organizational Chart has a lot of levels. North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service: It is really hard to understand who is who, who is controlling whom, the table is a bit messy, and so I created a better one for you: But on Structure of Commission we can see that Director General has two lines. First, is that he should control 3 Directors, Corporate and Forestry, Central Services (HR, IT, Finance), Business Units, Forest Research. The North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service is looking so different comparing to Tesco’s. . In Forestry Commission General Director works with more employees, however in Tesco Director works just with managers. But The North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service’s type of organizational structure is Tall, because it has many lines. And Forestry Commission is organization by Location, because they are separated on different locations, they have 3 directs in same country. Task 2 1) Finance addresses the ways in which individuals, business entities and other organizations allocate and use monetary resources over time. It helps Tesco with finance. 2) Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. ) The act or process or producing, bringing forth, or exhibiting to view; as, the production of commodities, of a witness. That which is produced, yielded, or made, whether naturally, or by the application of intelligence and labor; as, the productions of the earth; the productions of handicraft; the productions of intellect or genius. 4) Customer S ervice is the commitment to providing value added services to external and internal customers, including attitude knowledge, technical support and quality of service in a timely manner 5) Sales- Total dollar amount collected for goods and services provided. While payment is not necessary for recognition of sales on company financial statements, there are strict accounting guidelines stating when sales can be recognized. The basic principle is that a sale can only be recognized when the transaction is already realized, or can be quite easily realized. This means that the company should have already received a payment, or the chances of receiving a payment are high. In addition, delivery of the good or service should have taken place for the sale to be recognized. ) Human resources- is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals. Task 3 I will tell now, what makes Tesco and Forestry Commission similar an d what makes them different. Firstly, they both have General Director, and he has helpers. But in Forestry Commission General Director has more employees (they are: 3 directors and other staff members), however in Tesco, Director has just one helper. Secondly, this two organizations have two different, smaller parts. Tesco has broken down on process and North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service by Location. Last thing which I want to say is that, they have the same type of organization – it’s â€Å"Tall†. They have many levels and lines, which helps them to control their business. P4 â€Å"explain how their style and organization helps them to fulfill their purpose†

Ophthalmoplegic Migraine Paediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma

Ophthalmoplegic Migraine Paediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma Corresponding Author: Dr.R.Subasree Title : Ophthalmoplegic Migraine and Paediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma: Cause or Co-Incidence? Structured Abstract: Objective: To report a case of Ophthalmoplegic migraine with Pediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma which is very rare. Methods: A 16 year old boy admitted as inpatient at our tertiary referral centre and University hospital in South India, with history of recurrent headaches and oculomotor palsy of 14 years duration was evaluated in detail to rule out posterior fossa, orbital fissure, parasellar lesions, granulomatous disorders and aneurysms. Results: Initial CT Brain revealed a nodular non-enhancing lesion in the interpeduncular cistern, MR Imaging along with CISS 3D sequence done two years later after CT, revealed a small enhancing nodular lesion at the level of midbrain in the interpeduncular cistern at nerve exit level suggestive of schwannoma of third nerve. Practice: Patient was treated with analgesics, nimodipine and valproate with which there was a partial response. During his subsequent 2 year follow-up, his frequency and severity of attacks had reduced. Conclusion: Oculomotor nerve schwannomas are extremely rare. Only 12 children under the age of 18, without neurofibromatosis have been sufficiently documented. The coexistence of OM and Oculomotor schwannoma suggests that it is not a coincidence. Awareness and suspicion is required to identify cranial cephalalgia /OM and it warrants thorough investigation to rule out intrinsic lesions mimicking OM. Implications. Controversies exist till date regarding etiology, pathophysiology, imaging findings and management guidelines of OM. The rare association reported in our report gives insight into better understanding of the pathophysiology and clinico-radiological correlations in OM. Keywords: Ophthalmoplegic migraine, Oculomotor Schwanomma Introduction Ophthalmoplegic migraine is very rare with annual incidence being 0.7 per million. It most often occurs in infancy or childhood. There are recurrent attacks of headache in association with ophthalmoplegia due to paresis of cranial nerve III, IV, or VI .The episodes of ophthalmoplegia may persist for several hours to several weeks, months, or permanently. Most often it is self-limited condition. Ophthalmoplegic migraine is also recognized as a cranial neuralgia according to 2004 edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. [1] .Paediatric Oculomotor Schwannoma is extremely rare and it can mimic OM. We describe a young boy with recurrent ophthalmoplegic migraine and oculomotor schwannoma in MR imaging. Clinical Observation A 16 year old boy presented with history of left hemicranial headache of 14year duration. The headache was throbbing, severe associated with drooping of left eye, blurring of left eye vision, photo-phonophobia, nausea and vomiting. The frequency of attacks was around 15 per month each lasting for 3-48 hours. During the attack, he was found to have left sided ptosis, poorly responsive normal sized pupil and mild left elevation and adduction restriction. (Figure 1).There was persistent residual vision loss in left eye with acuity of 6/60. Fundus was normal. There were no other deficits. Investigations were carried out to rule out posterior fossa, orbital fissure and parasellar lesions. Initial CT Brain revealed a nodular non-enhancing lesion in the interpeduncular cistern , MR Imaging along with CISS 3D sequence done two years later (Figure 3a, 3b) revealed a small enhancing nodular lesion at the level of midbrain in the interpeduncular cistern at nerve exit level suggestive of schwannoma of third nerve. MR Angiography was normal. (Figure 3c). Patient was treated with analgesics, nimodipine and valproate with which there was a partial response. Steroids were not administered. During his subsequent 2 year follow-up, his frequency and severity of attacks had reduced. Paediatric Oculomotor Schwanomma is present as painless oculomotor deficit or may be asymptomatic and detected incidentally. Its presence with OM poses a question whether it was a mere coincidence or the cause of OM. Discussion: Ophthalmoplegic migraine is a rare distinct neurologic syndrome characterized by recurrent headache and ophthalmoplegia. The third cranial nerve is most commonly affected. Most patients recover completely within days to weeks, but a minority are left with persistent neurologic deficits. [1] .As per the International Classification of Headache, ophthalmoplegic migraine is defined as at least 2 attacks of ‘‘migraine-like’’ headache followed within 4 days by paresis of the third, fourth, and/or sixth cranial nerves, including ophthalmoparesis, ptosis, or mydriasis .[2] Gap between the onset of headache and the cranial nerve palsy has varied between 2 days and10 weeks. [3]The exact aetiology of this condition remains unknown. Oculomotor nerve compression, ischemia, swelling of the posterior cerebral artery, pituitary swelling, vascular anomaly, benign viral infection, demyelinating neuropathy, activation of trigemino-vascular system are the various pathogenesis implicated. Diseases such as vascular malformation, granulomatous infections, pituitary apoplexy, sarcoidosis and chronic inflammatory, demyelinating polyneuropathies may have similar clinical presentation like OM. So contrast enhanced MRI and magnetic resonance angiography should be the investigations of first choice for the diagnosis of OM, followed by a careful clinical examination and spinal tap. Sometimes, conventional angiogram may be necessary to exclude an aneurysm. [4]. Mark et al. 1998.,[5]found focal thickening of the nerve in non-contrast studies, and further thickening was present on the contrast-enhanced images in the area of the exit zone of the nerve in the inter peduncular cistern. Carlow studied the magnetic resonance scans in six patients diagnosed with OM and did a retrospective literature survey in 17 patients with OM, all of whom showed thickened ipsilateral oculomotor nerves at the midbrain exit in noncontrast T 1 -weighted images. Contrast T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance scans showed enhancement of the ipsilateral oculomotor nerves. [6].Many cases show improvement in the enhancement of cranial nerve III with resolution of the symptoms, but the timing and degree of resolution has not been consistent in reports. Contrast enhancement on MRI is not a sine qua non for the diagnosis of OM. Gelfand AA et al., 2011 [1] systematically reviewed all cases of OM in literature between1995 to 2010. There were a total of 80 cases .The median age at the time of the first ophthalmoplegic migraine attack was 8 years (3-16 years) .The third cranial nerve was involved in the vast majority of cases (83%), sixth cranial nerve was involved in 20% and the fourth nerve in 2% of cases. The interval between headache onset and ophthalmoparesis ranged from immediate to up to 14 days. The ophthalmoplegia tended to last longer (2 to 3 weeks to 2 to 3 months) .In 54%, persistent deficits were observed. Of 52 patients who had a contrast brain MRI during an acute attack, 75% had contrast enhancement of the third nerve and 76% had nerve thickening. There was a benefit from corticosteroid treatment in 54%. Schwannomas are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumours with great propensity to arise from vestibular nerves. Oculomotor nerve schwannomas are extremely rare. There are only 40 cases reported in the literature. Only 12 children under the age of 18, without neurofibromatosis have been sufficiently documented. [7] In 1982, Leunda et al. [8] reported a case in an 11-year-old boy whose tumour was resected en bloc and ranked as the largest oculomotor nerve schwannoma documented at that time, with a 55-mm diameter. Since then, another 11 histologically proven paediatric cases have been described successively in the literature. The average diameters of the paediatric tumours size is 19.5 mm. Oculomotor nerve paresis was the most common neurological sign and a variable degree of oculomotor nerve dysfunction, including ptosis, diplopia, or dilated pupil, was present in all but one . Duration of preoperative symptoms and signs ranged from 2 weeks to 12 years. Authors opine that lesion size did not correlate with the degree of oculomotor nerve deficit. Ipsilateral ophthalmoplegic migraine was found in two cases of cisternal microlesions involving the initial prepontine segment of oculomotor nerve. [7].Total removal of schwannoma usually resulted in severe postoperative parent nerve paresis. Surgical tr eatment was indicated only for large tumours that presented in association with consciousness disturbance, other cranial nerve signs, or hemiparesis due to mass effect, or in cases where the lesion showed malignant features with rapid enlargement. Murakami et al., 2005 [9] described a case of an 11-year-old girl with oculomotor nerve schwannoma who had been suffering from symptoms mimicking OM. Her attacks became more frequent and were not controlled by medication. After surgery, the frequency of OM attacks reduced. This was the first report to describe a pathologically confirmed case of oculomotor nerve schwannoma mimicking OM. Riahi A et al., 2014[10] described a 12 year old girl with recurrent painful ophthalmoplegia, who on examination was found to have left oculomotor palsy. Her third MRI focusing on third nerve revealed schwannoma of the oculomotor nerve in left cisternal portion. Kawasaki et al., 1999 [11] reported a case of the coexistence of OM and ipsilateral 3rd nerve schwannoma .The authors had an acute and a follow-up MRI during a recovery phase and noticed no difference. The coexistence of two rare conditions suggests that a mere coincidence is unlikely. It has been proposed that repeated inflammation could lead to a demyelination/ remyelination process with Schwann cell proliferation and onion bulb formation. There are no published treatment trials for ophthalmoplegic migraine. Oral steroids may be of possible benefit in treating acute exacerbations based on available case series. Prompt steroid therapy at the time of attack might minimize permanent sequelae of OM, including residual weakness of the third cranial nerve and pupillary dysfunction. Bharucha et al., 2007 [4] state that various treatments have been described, including steroids acutely and flunarizine, acetazolamide, propranolol, cyproheptadine, or verapamil prophylactically. OM is a heterogeneous disorder that needs adequate scrutiny, periodic magnetic resonance monitoring, and clinical correlation before we can conclude and draw management guidelines. Conclusion: Awareness and suspicion is required to identify cranial cephalalgia /OM as it is a rare entity and diagnosis even by headache experts is made by exclusion. It warrants thorough investigation to rule out intrinsic lesions mimicking OM. The rare association reported in our report gives insight into pathophysiology and clinico-radiological correlations in OM. Bibliography 1. Gelfand AA, Gelfand JM, Prabakhar P et al. Ophthalmoplegic ‘‘Migraine’’ or Recurrent Ophthalmoplegic Cranial Neuropathy: New Cases and a Systematic Review. Journal of Child Neurology.2011; 27(6):759-766 2. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004; 24(suppl 1):9–160. 3. Ravi Shankar. K. Ophthalmoplegic Migraine: Still a Diagnostic Dilemma? Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2008; 12: 285 – 291 4. Diana X. Bharucha, Timothy B. Campbell, Ignacio Valencia. MRI Findings in Pediatric Ophthalmoplegic Migraine: A Case Report and Literature Review. Pediatric Neurology .2007; 37: 59–63 5. Mark AS, Casselman J, Brown D, et al.: Ophthalmoplegic migraine: reversible enhancement and thickening of the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve on contrast enhanced MRI images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol .1998; 19: 1887– 1891. 6. Carlow TJ: Oculomotor ophthalmoplegic migraine: is it really migraine? J Neuroophthalmol .2002; 22: 215– 221. 7. Yang S, Li Z, Liu X et al.Pediatric Isolated Oculomotor Nerve Schwannoma: A New Case Report and Literature Review. Pediatric Neurology.2013; 48(4):321–324 8. Leunda G,Vaquero J,Cabezudo J et al. Schwannoma of the oculomotor nerves .Report of four cases .J Neurosurg.1982;57:563-565 9. T. Murakami, M. Funatsuka, M. Komine et al.Oculomotor nerve schwannoma mimicking ophthalmoplegic migraine.Neuropediatrics.2005; 36:395–398 10. Riahi A, Youssef-Turki I.B, Walha K et al. Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegia: ophthalmoplegic migraine or oculomotor nerve schwannomas? Neurological Practice –FMC. 2014; 5:205-208 11. Kawasaki A. Oculomotor nerve schwannoma associated with ophthalmoplegic migraine. Am J Ophthal 1999; 128:658–60.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Life is a series of new beginnings. We are always proceeding through life focused on one goal. When we were little, it was to put anything and everything that we could possibly find into our mouths. Later, we managed to put one wobbly leg in front of the other. When we were experts at that and getting into all sorts of trouble, we moved on to kindergarten. That is when it all began: our long journey that would lead us to today. Kindergarten was full of challenges and new experiences. White glue sticks tasted ... umm ... so interesting! There were twenty-six letters in the alphabet to memorize, finger-paints to use, the opposite sex to chase (and keep away from), and big sixth graders to survive. After that, a short nap on the area mats and a healthy snack of Ritz crackers and apple jui...

Soliloquies - Role of Speaker in Brownings Soliloquy of the Spanish Cl

Role of Speaker in Browning's Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister The speaker in any poem is significant because he enables the reader to aquire information necessary in order to enter the imaginary world of the work. In Browning's Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister, the solitary speaker, who is a monk overwhelmed with hatred toward a fellow monk, plays an important role as the guide in the world of the poem. The diction, structure, and tone of the entire poem communicate the speaker's motives, perceptions, emotions, and behavior. The narrator in Browning's poem proves that the speaker is not always a reliable guide because his thoughts reflect anger and hatred instead of giving the reader an unbiased view of Brother Lawrence. His speech is motivated by hatred so intense that it could kill his "heart's abhorrence" and in line 8, he wishes that "hell would dry [Brother Lawrence] up with its flames." The speaker is overcome with emotion, wishing death upon his fellow monk. His emotions interfere with the reader's perception of the o...

South African Development Plan Essay -- Urban Development

South Africa is a country in the continent of Africa, located to the south tip as its name suggests. Colonized by the Dutch in 1994, South Africa is seperated into nine provinces and is bordered to the north by the countries: Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe, to the east: Swaziland and Mozambique, while coined in the south east is the country Lesotho, completely surrounded by the territory of South Africa. South Africa is one of the most diverse places in the world, and has eleven nationally recognized languages, whereas most countries only have one (Rosmarin & Rissik, 2003). The black indigenous population makes up a majority of the country while also harboring other ethnic cultures such as: whites, Greeks, Germans, Italians, and Asians (Rosmarin & Rissik, 2003). South Africa has a mixed economy based on its agriculturally fertile lands, mineral resources and tourist attractions. Though there is political and economic stability, the country is still faced with drawbacks such as unemp loyment, poverty, and the AIDS pandemic (OECD, 2008). A development plan is vital for the economic development and growth of South Africa. In an attempt to create jobs and build a unified South Africa, the government should draw up informed policies, budgets, and influential programs to ensure that no citizen is excluded and thus benefit everybody in the country. Indeed, South Africa has the relevant economic and social resources imperative for the realization of all the demands of industrialization (Bond, 2002). Though seemingly prosperous, the social evils hidden in the country are normally impediments to the growth and success of the nation. Without doubt, much of the success of the country is basically a function of the unknown resources in the c... ...ing in South Africa. Such a plan will be instrumental for fostering unity in the region and may increase participation with other countries. Works Cited Rosmarin, I., & Rissik, D. (2003, January). South africa: Cultures of the world. (2 ed.). New York: Benchmark Books. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2008, July). Economic assessment of south africa. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/58/32/40959551.pdf Bond, P. (2002, August). Unsustainable south africa: Environment development and social protest. London: University of KwaZulu-Natal. African National Congress. (1994). The reconstruction and development programme. Johannesburg: Umanyano Publications. Abbi, A. (2005, June). Culture, education, and development in south africa: Historical and contemporary perspectives. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.

Abraham & God Essay

Abraham is truly an exceptional man who completely surrendered his life to God’s will. However, while Abraham was a man of faith, he remained a man with flaws, asking God questions that implied confusions about the will of God and God’s omnipotence. For example, he laughed when God promised him that he will have offspring even in his old age. He also lied about Sarah being his wife for fear that he will be killed because of her and not trusting God will protect him. The greatest test, however, was when God asked him to sacrifice his only son. Abraham was willing to sacrifice Isaac to prove his love of God, and this should not be a question regarding his faith. But what of God who made a covenant with him stating the He will make a great nation out of Isaac? There is no doubt that God was testing Abraham. But what if Abraham had refused to sacrifice his son? Would that change what God had promised to Abraham regarding Isaac? This, to me, is a disturbing question regarding God’s purpose, and it is not an appealing image of God reconsidering His promise when His subject failed His test. See more:  Capital budgeting essay On the other hand, if Abraham was doing the sacrifice out of faith, then he would already know that God would not let the boy get any harm. How would God then fulfill his promise if Isaac was sacrificed? Knowing this, it would not be God who is really testing Abraham but the other way around. The story of God’s covenant to Abraham and God’s test to him, to me, does not really establish the faith of the religion but poses contradictions to divine purpose and the faith of the people. Credit #6 Jews and Christians look at the Messianic Prophecies on different context, hence while the other promote Jesus to be the messiah, the other reject him as such. Examining these contexts would allow us to understand why Jesus is accepted to be the messiah or not. The Jews believed the messiah to be human—not a god or a demigod. That the early Christians claim that Jesus was the Son of God and indeed a God himself made most of the Jews not accept him as the messiah. The Jews believe in only one God, hence the introduction of another, and a mere man claiming to be God, is seen as a heresy to the Jewish faith. The Jews believe that the messiah will unite all the Jews back to the land of Israel, reign in a time of world peace, and would be a great military leader. Jesus fulfilled none of these. However, the Christians believe that these prophesies will be fulfilled in Jesus’ second coming. On the other hand, the Jews believe that the prophecies will be fulfilled immediately and that there is no concept of a second coming. Hence, the Jews reject the idea of the second coming of Jesus. Other Messianic Prophecies have been justified by Christians to have been fulfilled by Jesus. The evangelists claim that, through Joseph the carpenter, Jesus was descended from the line of David, of which the messiah is said to come from. However, this claim is contradicted with the Christian doctrine of the virgin birth from which, strictly speaking, Jesus could not have been a direct descendant of David. The Christians also believe that Jesus have restored the temple, which they believe to refer to Jesus’ body, by his resurrection. On the other hand, the Jews believe that the messiah will be a strict observant of the Torah, which by all means and according to the accounts of the New Testament Jesus was not. Having said these, it is also important to note that the early Christians, as well as Jesus himself, were Jews. Accepting the teachings of the Apostles and disciples of Jesus depends on how one looks on messianic context. The fact that some Jews have accepted Jesus as their messiah while others clearly regarded him as a heretic and a threat to the Jewish faith proves this point. Jesus’ challenge to the Jewish law earned the right of the elders to suppress the sect that is slowly emerging. Considering however that Jesus lived an extraordinary life, with teachings of peace instead of being a war-like messiah, deserves credit for the Christian faith. Credit #7 Monasticism throughout the world shares a similar purpose—the renouncement of worldly pursuit in search for spiritual growth. Images of gods and holy men are usually present in monasteries. The Greek Orthodox Christianity justified the use of these images as â€Å"windows† to heaven. It is not these images that they praise, but those of which they represent, which are unseen. It is explained that the human body is comprised by two elements—the physical and the spirit—and that the physical part needs to see some representation of the divine and that the images are merely tools to help them in their journey. Monks practice strict compliance to the teachings of their religion, isolated from the city life, spending most of the day in prayer. Monks also have assigned chores they must perform. They were also expected to forget the physical element of their body for a while—getting sufficient for the body to have its strength needed for daily tasks, no shower, no shaving. There is limited conversation between monks—they spend each day in silence and contemplation and prayer. Furthermore, monks are taught to pray from the heart. One could only wonder whether these prayers are repeated, as if being recited. Whether or not this is the case, monks believe truly in their heart that they have found their peace and satisfaction apart from the calling of worldly desires.

Planning Healthy and Safe Environments

The main factors to take into account when planning healthy and safe indoor and outdoor environments are; †¢Risk assessment; a risk assessment is a process that identifies and assesses the importance of risk in a situation and then assesses the measures that control it. A risk assessment should be undertaken before a planned outdoor learning experience, and the main findings recorded. †¢Contact details; you should always make sure that you have up to date emergency contact numbers, for all staff and children attending the outdoor excursion.Medical; you should always make sure that any medical requirements are set in place, for example, inhalers, sickness tablets etc†¦ Also take with you the first aid kit. †¢The age of children being taken off premises should be noted as the ratio of adult:child differs on age, for example more adults will be needed per child at 4/5 years than 10/11 year old. If it an indoor environment then you need to take into account; †¢Th e size of room for the amount of children to work safely in.†¢Whether or not it is a safe environment for any disability i. e wheel chair, walker etc. †¢If it is a kitchen, set out rules for children, such as utensil use, near cooker when lit, what happens if emergency etc. General behaviour when near hot appliances. Monitoring and maintaining health and safety makes others in school aware of risks, hazards and safe working. Health and safety are monitored and maintained by doing daily health checks, updating children files and checking materials for currency.Parents and teachers having open Communication, and parents informing teachers of children medical conditions and updates and exposures. The use of sign in badges for visitors are used also anybody working in a school environment has to have a C. R. B check before entering. There is also a Health and Safety policy which is followed and regularly updated. Also there is a use of caution signs to let others know of spill age, danger to health etc.

Whose Fault Is It Anyway?

Whose responsibility is it to ensure the obesity epidemic is reversed? Schools, Parents, Government, Community and/or the media. What can be done? Discuss using examples from the article and any other information you can bring to the discussion. Everyone should play a major part in ensuring the obesity epidemic is reversed. Parents play the most vital role in this. As a parent it is your job to make sure to bring up your children correctly this doesn’t mean just giving them an academic education it involves making sure they are healthy, getting regular exercise and have an understanding of nutrition.Parents are the key to start the ball rolling in maintaining healthy dietary habits for their children, if this isn’t done correctly by the parents their children will most probably end up being overweight as teenagers, ‘long term consequence of childhood obesity is its persistence into adulthood, Once a child is overweight or obese it is unlikely that they will sponta neously revert to a healthy weight, predisposing them to the health concerns’(World Health Organization 2000, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, WHO Technical Report Series 894).Parents need to understand that they are the role models for their children; if they do not eat correctly and do not exercise their children are most likely to follow in their footsteps. A survey done in 2007-2008 on the obesity epidemic in Australia the results were that in ‘2007-08, 61. 4% of the Australian adult population were either overweight or obese, and 24. 9% of children aged between 5-17 were overweight or obese’ (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, National Health Survey 2007-08, Cat 4364. ). Kids need to have a more active lifestyle, the issue is now days kids entertain themselves with technology such as computers, television and the Xbox. Parents need to spend time encouraging their children to be more physically active, by doing this they also need to b ecome more physically active. Simple things such as taking their children for a bike ride, taking them to the park, playing a game of sport with them.They need to put more focus on encouraging their children to be outdoors. Every little bit of physical activity will make a difference to the child’s wellbeing. Schools, The Government, The Community and the media can all make a difference in making sure the obesity epidemic is reversed. Schools can make sure their students get a minimum of 30 minutes daily exercise, they can help educate the children on nutrition and correct dietary habits and can provide healthy ptions in their canteens, ‘Only a quarter of Australian high school students eat the recommended four or more vegetables a day’ (Canberra times article- Battle of the bulge, Peter Jean). Media at the moment shows fast-food advertisements at least 4 times during an add brake. Children who are sitting on a couch watching TV are being brain washed by fast-foo d commercials, there for only wanting to eat fast-food such as MacDonald’s. The Government can control the media and controls the schools. They can make changes to the schooling curriculum to add more daily exercise.They can put a stop to the excessive fast-food advertisements that fly across our TV screens. As a community we all play a vital role in making sure children are healthy, this involves weekend sports, and community run sporting activities for young children and even adults. But this will change nothing in reversing the obesity epidemic if parents don’t start to take responsibility for their children and start by giving them the correct dietary needs and regular fitness to kick start their healthy life style.

Evolution as Fact & Theory` by Stephen Jay Gould Essay

This article talks about evolution as it relates to science and religion, philosophically. Gould talks about the fact that the arguments for creationism and evolution have not changed much, the science and religion are the same. He links the recent debates opposing the theory of evolution as the result of right wing politics that has taken hold of today’s society and political world. Gould states that today’s politicians talk about â€Å"scientific creationism â€Å"as if it is based in science. The creationists also jump on the term â€Å"theory â€Å"when used by evolutionist as if theory implies proof of guesswork, â€Å"only theory†. Gould explains the term â€Å"theory† as a string of ideas and facts. He provides examples of widely accepted theories in an attempt to debunk the creationist objection to theory. He provides similar explanation of the term â€Å"fact†. Darwin’s theory and detailed explanation are reviewed in the article, as this is central to today’s debate regarding creationism versus evolution. Gould’s view is that creationists attempt to argue against evolution is based entirely on arguing rhetoric. They use an argument style of Popper’s, which focuses on falsifying the evolutionist claims. Gould asserts that what the creationist lack is the ability to assure proves their own principles of creationism. Gould concludes that what keeps creationists firm in their belief system is dogma, not science. Thomas S. Kuhn – The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Like Gould, Kuhn takes on the debate between science and dogma. Kuhn is a scientist, clearly a believer in the scientific process though he takes pains in his article to examine the issues raised by proponents of dogma. Kuhn also believes that the opposition to evolution is based on poking holes in theories and finding loopholes, rather than convincing one with actual science. This article is largely focused on disproving dogma and supporting the scientific method. Kuhn’s overall belief as expressed in the article is that scientific theories always win arguments with dogma. This work includes a discussion on experience and perception and the relationship to presupposition. Kuhn reviews the process of scientific theory and discovery, and the philosophy behind the process.

Aggression in dementia

Aggression in dementia Introduction Aggression in people with dementia is a behaviour that can be evident is care environments where dementia care is given. This is a issue that is becoming a growing health concern (Jackson and Mallory, 2009: Alzheimer’s Society, 2014: Cipriani et al. 2011). This is an issue that is likely to keep growing and developing as the population continues to age. (Nguyen, Love and Kunik. 2008). This is an issue that needs to be managed well with good leadership and guidance from management and nursing staff and the input from all relevant members of the multidisciplinary team charged with caring for individuals who show signs of aggressive behaviour and this is critical in making this achievable and protecting patients and residents in long term care environments from potential harm. This piece of work will look at a practice situation from a clinical placement area that highlights how resident safety can be an issue within a care environment. This will explore the nursi ng leadership skills and management that where utilised to address this particular situation and how all care professionals within the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) were involved and the impact this had on all team members. Situation The situation developed whilst the student was on a first year placement in a nursing care home which specialised in the care of people with varying types and levels of dementia. The situation involved a male resident who was showing signs of aggression towards other residents, both male and female. The staff where as vigilant they could be, but due to limited staff. Aggressive incidents did occur where staff had to attend and separate the residents and try to diffuse the situation. This particular person was developing unusual behaviours that manifested in the individual was found over a period of time to have been getting into various female residents beds when the residents where in them sleeping. This was initially highlighted by the care staff to the nurse in charge when it was found that this person was found in resident’s rooms and subsequently in female resident’s beds. This was however not acted upon as the nurse thought that this may be a temporary issue and advised care staff to observe this person as much as reasonably possible. This situation however escalated when it was discovered that a female resident was found to be extremely upset and agitated and it was discovered that this was due to this individual in question being in the same bed as her and had woke her up. This resulted in an emergency meeting having to be arranged between the nurse in charge and members of the MDT team who were involved in the care of this individual and then trying to formulate a suitable strategy that would benefit the care environment, i.e. minimise the issues that had happened and to prevent further issues developing. The nurse in charge and the management also were aware this person still had to have a good quality of life within the environment and promote the safety of the other residents within this care environment.

Company fitness program and its benefits.Proposal Essay

Company fitness program and its benefits.Proposal - Essay Example The Company also intends to establish on-site fitness center so that employees could become physically and mentally strong and hence their productivity could be increased (Ichihashi, Muto, and Shibuya, 2007). Therefore, this proposal will highlight the key benefits of on-site fitness center and will also identify the requirements, costs, and time for establishing on-site fitness center. The main objective of on-site fitness center is to reduce health care expenditure of employer. It has been noticed that company spends millions of dollars every year for employee’s health issues. Moreover, employee’s absenteeism and turnover rate have also been the serious problem for productivity and profitability of company. It has been estimated that employee’s health care cost and absenteeism rate would decline. Hence the end-result for the company would be higher productivity and profitability. Many studies have also been conducted to determine the benefits of company fitness programs. ... They are facing stress and other physical problems due to improper diet and lack of physical activities. Today every employee wants to be fit and healthy person not only because of health concerns but also for looking slim and smart. Therefore, company health and fitness programs have now become the necessity of time in order to maintain the balanced and healthy life of employees (Goetzel and Ozminkowski, 2008). Many of the organizations have realized this issue and have started health and fitness programs for their employees. These organizations noted that health and fitness programs lead to improve employees’ performance. They become very active in their jobs and feel happy during their work. The report prepared by the US department of Disease Prevention and Health promotion in 1993 claimed that on-site health fitness programs is the major contribution in improving health of many American employees (Goetzel and Ozminkowski, 2008). There are many other organizations which are facing problems regarding increasing health issues of employees. The cost of spending in worker’s health is increasing due to increasing ratio of health problems in employees. In America, more than one third of the total annual medical bill was paid by employers and the average medical premium for single coverage was $3615 a year in 2006 (Goetzel and Ozminkowski, 2008). Organizations are also worried for increasing employee’s absenteeism and turnover ratio due to health related issues in them (Ichihashi, Muto, and Shibuya, 2007). Therefore, the idea of on-site fitness centers will be beneficial for both the employees and the employer. The fitness